From Zero to Hero - 1425 Words

From Zero to Hero Throughout history, many people have risen and fallen in power due to their weaknesses and strengths. Napoleon Bonaparte, the great war leader and eventual Emperor of the French, was brought down due to the brute attacks on France by the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, Russia, and even by his own arrogance and carelessness. On the contrary, George Washington, a wealthy farmer from Virginia, was able to lead the thirteen colonies into defeating the most powerful army in the world with his bravery. Sometimes, however, even the greatest of people are forgotten and left out from the history textbooks, their memories gone with their destroyed writings and lost philosophies. John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the†¦show more content†¦John Jay, however, had magnificent rhetoric, for â€Å"his legal training and experience gave him a facility for words,† making it easy for him to â€Å"grasp and resolve complex issues† (Stahr 387). His very skillfu l way with words made it easier for him to resolve the intro-national military issue. Along with being a very skilled foreign minister to Great Britain, John Jay also took the matter of convincing New York to approve the Constitution of the United states into his own hands. At first, New York was against approving it, but â€Å"John Jay spent long hours convincing the New York legislature to adopt the document,† managing to successfully getting the state’s congress to ratify the Constitution (Kallen 42). If it weren’t for both his cleverness, he could not have been able to win over New York’s assent. â€Å"He had the education and genius† to both get the United States out of its situation with Great Britain, and talk a powerful and large state into giving its blessings to the Constitution, displaying a true gift for negotiating with eloquence at every step of his career. Without such an active and vigorous talent, nobody could have done what John J ay did for the early Republic. Jay used all of his energy, heart, and capability to contribute his best efforts to the welfare of the United States, also guided the entire way by his good soul. John Jay helped shape theShow MoreRelatedFrom Hero to Zero1979 Words   |  8 PagesHero to Zero A tragic hero is of noble birth and is a great or virtuous character in a dramatic tragedy that is destine for suffering or defeat. Victor Frankenstein, a rich and highly educated man who questioned the role of God and created The Creature, soon abandons his creation and ends up getting a taste of his own medicine when all his loved ones are gone and he is left all alone. Victor learned his lesson after creating The Creature because then he is punished eternally for his actions ofRead MoreCritical Thinking Of The Grand Budapest Hotel1102 Words   |  5 PagesBudapest Hotel consists of a prologue, five parts, and an epilogue. The film features many successful actors, but the main story revolves around an interesting narration of Zero Moustafa (played by F Murray Abraham, but embodied in younger years by Tony Revolori), who encounters the Author (starred by Tom Wilkinson and Jude Law). Zero reveals the secret of how he became the owner of the Grand Budapest’s Hotel. The film d raws attention to such themes as crime, love, the family revolts, prison breaks, policeRead MoreHoles By Louis Sachar : A Unique And Dynamic Piece Of Children s Literature962 Words   |  4 PagesStanley does not come off as an exciting character, at first he could even be considered rather dull. Until after the twentieth century it was the standard to make all heroes representations of masculinity (Simon 155). Stanley is a good example of a hero that isn’t excessively manly, he is timid and content. Interestingly his nickname at camp was Caveman. This name would suggest a very masculine nature. However, he is not wild or strong, he is chubby and insecure. Stanley also never seems to have luckRead MoreBeginning to the Great Alaskan Race826 Words   |  3 Pagesantiserum. So twenty dogs sled teams relayed the serum from the town of Nenana to Nome. The hardships of the dogs and mushers went through along with the hero dogs, and teams of mushers and dogs will forever be alive in Alaskan history.This journey is a gratifying accomplishment and a proud moment in Alaskan history. There were twenty teams of dogs varying from seven dogs to twenty-three dogs with a total of over a hundred dogs running from town to town carrying a life saving serum to the peopleRead MoreMarketing Audit: Coke Zero1125 Words   |  4 PagesMarketing audit: Coke Zero Positioning strategy The American soda manufacturer Coca-Cola has been under widespread criticism for contributing to the worlds obesity epidemic. However, the company also offers many diet beverages to whet consumers appetites. The health benefits of diet beverages are somewhat controversial in the scientific community, regarding weight gain, and some research indicates that consumers who drink more diet beverages actually weigh more (Diet sweeteners increase weightRead More Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman is A Modern Tragedy Essay1044 Words   |  5 Pagesto be defined by his basic observations. It was not until the modern age that playwrights began to deviate somewhat from the basic tenets of Aristotelian tragedy and, in doing so, began to create plays more recognizable to the common people and, thereby, less traditional. Even so, upon examination, the basic plot structure of some modern tragedies actually differs very little from that of the ancient classics. In spite of its modernity, Arthur Mi llers great twentieth-century tragedy, Death of aRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Sophocles Antigone1521 Words   |  7 PagesAn Aristotelian tragic hero is a literary character who makes a judgment that ultimately leads to his or her own destruction. An example of a true Aristotelian tragic hero is Creon from Sophocles’ play, Antigone. Creon is the tragic hero because he goes through the five stages of a tragic hero which leads to his destruction. His tragic flaw is him being afraid to admit that he has made a mistake. He is too proud of his power and his ability to make laws which leads to his son and wife committingRead MoreThe Movie The Nightmare Before Christmas 1701 Words   |  7 Pagestrail back farther than five thousand Before Common Era. The question that goes through all minds at some point, however, is what makes a hero? Joseph Campbell wrote his theory of The Hero’s Journey in which he describes the path the hero will tread and the trials and tribulations ahead of them. That is not to say that there are not multiple ways to go about a hero tale, there are various kinds of heroes, which all change the story. There are tragic heroes, classic heroes, epic heroes, and more. InRead MoreThe True Success Behind Ms. Marvel923 Words   |  4 Pagesparents, has that one friend who has a secret crush but is never noticed, a small group of friends, and the desire to be able to fit in with the â€Å"popular† kids at school. This story isn’t just about how any other every day person became to become zero to hero. The true success behind Ms. Marvel is because it s something different Marvel Comics brings to the readers they don t usually see comparing to previous superheros. They didn’t only bring an urban legend back .. Even before Kamala came alongRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1035 Words   |  5 PagesHero to Zero Has Been Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a wonderful example of how context can change the way a story is accepted and interpreted. In the time of this poem, there was power in the idea that Gawain blundered and was not perfect. And this imperfection showed his subservient nature to God and his court, further instilling his heroic characteristics. However, in today s society, perfection is idealized; therefore, Gawain’s mistakes allude to him being less of a hero and in a greater

Latin America and the Catholic Church Essay - 746 Words

Running head: LATIN AMERICA AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH xxxx HUMN xxx xxxx February 11, 2011 In 1983, Pope John Paul II visited Nicaragua in response to word that a growing alliance between priests and Marxists revolutionaries was emerging in Latin America. Historically, the Catholic Church in Europe had taken a strong anti-communist stance. And so the emerging alliance troubled Pope John Paul II despite the fact that priests claimed they were simply doing what Christ would do in championing the interests of the poor. When news began spreading throughout Nicaragua that Pope John Paul II would be visiting, the reform minded Catholics of the country became hopeful that the pope would somehow lend his support to the revolutionary†¦show more content†¦6). But liberation theology, according to conservative critics, is a type of socialist Christianity. Its philosophical underpinnings suggest that change comes through political activism and even war and revolution if peaceful means have failed. In addition, liberation theologians view sin as the root of poverty and capitalism as the most ruinous form of sin on earth. Thus, Liberation Theologists argue that capitalism should be confronted as pure evil and replaced by a more just and equitable socialist system. The Pope unequivocally denounced these ideas as ideologically misguided. Many Nicaraguan Catholics were disappointed with the Pope’s position on political action because they felt like he missed a chance to bolster the revolution an d support much needed change for the people. They had lived under years of tyranny and oppression at the hands of the conservative regime. And thousands of innocent Nicaraguan citizens had suffered gross social injustices and even death at the hands of their oppressors. If the Pope had supported their revolutionary cause, the people would have enjoyed the backing of the Catholic Church. And if that had occurred, it would have provided the people with a sense of spiritual support in their fight for freedom and equality. But the Pope’s denouncement of Liberation Theology and theShow MoreRelatedLatin American Religions Essay examples624 Words   |  3 PagesLatin American Religions University of Phoenix November 12, 2012 What are some major attributes of Latin American Catholicism? Identify and describe at least two distinctions and include how they are distinct from Catholicism elsewhere. The Central American War had changed the priorities of the Catholic Church in Latin America. In the 1980’s, the clergy’s had decided to go against the Catholic Church mainly the Vatican despite the various threats, and began to help the poor which were strugglingRead MoreLiberation Theology Essay865 Words   |  4 PagesLiberation theology in Latin America was first introduced in the late 1960’s, although it became famous after the writing of Gustavo Gutierrez. The roots of liberation theology can be traced back to Europe because Catholic priests were sent there to go to school. It was there where they became radicalized and sent back to Latin America. This radicalization led many to start thinking differently, including Gutierrez. He and others wanted to be independent from the usual European Catholic style. They wantedRead MoreLiberation Theology And The Cultural Destruction Of Third World Countries927 Words   |  4 Pagesand cultural destruction of third world countries, liberation theology is a method of Catholic teaching in which people are liberated from their oppressors. Liberation theology’s roots stem in Latin America, where there was need for salvation and redemption of the faith. The 1960s were a time of worldwide human development, and even the Roman Catholic Church was involved. Without liberation theology, the church would have never seen a need for change and reformation. Liberation theology applies modernRead MoreEssay about Liberation Theology796 Words   |  4 Pagesmovement within the Catholic religion in Latin America that began around 1973 with the publication of A Theology of Liberation by Peruvian theologian Gustavo Gutierrez (Hadjor). It is a unique theology, because it is one of the people. The Catholic Church in Latin America began with Spanish colonization, and has since become an integral part of the culture. There were many monks and nuns in the Church that aided in grassroots social change. Howev er, the greater institution of the Church- a major landownerRead MoreEuropean Colonialism In The Film Pelo Malo1709 Words   |  7 PagesWe often villainize the countries of Latin America, making them out as lands filled with violent, less civilized, poor people. Those who are uneducated about Latin America and the culture may apply the things they know about one culture in Latin America or the Caribbean to other countries in the area. We don’t realize that some of the stereotypes are directly influenced by the legacies left by European colonialism. Scholars studying colonialism have determined five colonial legacies that are seenRead MoreClassical Era in Latin America and Europe Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pagesunique style of politics, culture and economies, the economic and social patterns in Latin America distinctly detached this civilization from any Western society, which accounted for obvious distinctions in both culture and politics. In politics, the most apparent fe ature of the Western Society was the creation of new political ideologies, resulting in neither an absolute or dictatorial structure. The instability of Latin American politics created a weakened structure, therefore creating limitationsRead MoreThe Differences Between The Spanish And Colonial Economic System, And The Colonial State And Church Essay1209 Words   |  5 Pagesstate and church. Also, include bible verses to support your argument. Be sure to include two additional sources to support your claim. Honors please have four sources. WH 10 Ch. 17 Essay In the sixteenth century, both Spain and Portugal established enormous colonial empires around the world. Spain ruled most of South America and parts of Central America and North America. Portugal primarily ruled the country of Brazil. These lands of Central and South America became known as Latin America. The SpaniardsRead MoreWhy Latin American Catholics Are Increasingly Practicing Fringe Catholicism Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pagesof why Latin American Catholics are increasingly practicing Fringe Catholicism. Catholicism has been an essential part of Latin American identity since it was first imposed on the indigenous people by Spanish colonial powers. The mixture of Catholicism with indigenous religions has led to a different development of Catholicism in Latin America than in other parts of the world. For this reason many people cite, indigenous religions as a reason why there are many practices in Latin America that doRead MoreLatin American Culture Essay examples1050 Words   |  5 PagesLatin American Culture Latin America represents 1/10 of the worlds population, and geographically can be located from the land extensions of Mexico, until the Patagonia at Argentina. Some of the most relevant elements of todays culture in Latin America are; Religion, Values, Attitudes, Social structure, Social stratification, Language and Gift-giving hospitality. The predominant religion throughout history in Latin America has been Catholicism. From big cities to small villages, churches, basilicasRead MoreRegistered Transmission Of The Virus902 Words   |  4 PagesZika Virus May Lead to Decline in Roman Catholics The Zika virus has been spreading rapidly throughout Latin America in the past year, causing many health and religious controversies in these countries. The World Health Organization declared an international public health emergency and stated that at least 20 countries or territories have â€Å"registered transmission of the virus† (Partlow). Some of these governments, including Colombia and Jamaica, are urging women to avoid becoming pregnant for a

Henrik Ibsen was born at Skien in Norway on March Essay Example For Students

Henrik Ibsen was born at Skien in Norway on March Essay 20, 1828. When he was eight, his father went bankrupt. This event made a deep impression upon him. After they went bankrupt, his family moved to a small farm north of the town where they lived in poverty. Henrik was forced to attend a small local school. He received a substandard education. In 1843, the family returned to town. Unfortunately they were still poor. Ibsen came from a very dysfunctional family. His domineering father was an alcoholic who found solace in alcohol. His quiet mother found comfort in religion. He used them as a model for his plays. The blend of an overbearing husband and a submissive wife made appearances in his plays Brand, A Dolls House, and Ghosts. The bitter character of Hjalmar Ekdal in The Wild Duck was based on Ibsens father. When he was sixteen, he moved to Grimstad to work for a druggist. He had wanted to become a doctor, but game up on the idea after he failed Greek and Math on his University entrance exams. Medicine was not his only ambition. He al so wanted to be a painter. In 1850, Ibsen entered the first of his three writing periods. His romantic period went from 1850 to 1873. The greatest works from this period are the Brandand Peer Gynt Most of the plays that he wrote during these years are romantic historical dramas. Lady Inger of Ostraat was a romantic drama with intrigue. The Vikings of Helgeland was a simple and sad tragedy. The last play of the Romantic period was Emperor and Galilean. It is similar to Ibsens other play Catiline because it showed his impatience with traditional attitudes and values. In both plays he showed sympathy for historical characters who were famous for being rebellious. Ibsen became the stage manager and playwright of the National Stage in Bergen in 1851. He worked there for six years. In 1857, he moved to Christiania (Oslo), where he became director of the Norwegian Theatre. He neglected both writing and the theatre. He plunged into social life with his literary friends and drank heavily. In 1858, Ibsen married Suzannah Thoresen, with whom he had one child, Sigurd Ibsen. This was a marriage that was often as misunderstood as the marriages of Ibsens dramas. At the age of thirty, Ibsen saw his first performances of Shakespeare in Copenhagen and Dresden. Shakespeares work convinced Ibsen that serious drama must strive toward a psychological truth and form its basis on the characters and conflicts of mankind. Ibsen and his friend Bjrnstjerne Bjrnson founded The Norwegian Company in 1859. After the Norwegian Theatre went bankrupt in 1862, Ibsen was depressed and broke. As a result, he was sometimes seen drunk on the streets of Christiania. His success w ith The Pretenders in 1863 inspired him to write several poems. Ibsen became bitterly disappointed with current political events, especially Norways failure to help the Danes in their war against Prussia. In 1864 he left Norway. After he left, he spent most of his time in Rome, Dresden and Munich. He was supported by a pension from the Norwegian state and income from his books. In 1866, he had a significant breakthrough with his play Brand. In his speech to Christiania students in 1874, Ibsen said,All I have written, I have mentally lived through. Partly I have written on that which only by glimpses, and at my best moments, I have felt stirring vividly within me as something great and beautiful. I have written on that which, so to speak, has stood higher than my daily self. But I have also written on the opposite, on that which to introspective contemplation appears as the dregs and sediments of ones own nature. Yes, gentlemen, nobody can poetically present that to which he has not to a certain degree and at least at times the model within himself.In 1877, Ibsen entered his second period of writing with his play Pillars of Society. Ibsen wrote a series of plays dealing with social problems, such as A Dolls House and Ghosts. He also wrote a series of plays dealing with psychological problems, such as The Lady from the Seas and Hedda Gabler. He wrote eight plays during of this period and both originated and perfected the problem play. The term problem play refers specifically to the type of drama which Ibsen wrote beginning with Pillars of Society in 1877. In these plays, the emphasis is on the presentation of a social or psychological problem. These plays deal with contemporary life in realistic settings. The symbolism that existed in Brand and Peer Gynt is almost gone. Ibsen presents his themes or problems to the audience with realistic characters and straightforward plots. In his plays, Ibsen deals with the theme of individuals trying to find themselves in th e face of established conventions. Two examples of this are Nora in A Dolls House and Hedda Gabler. Ibsen also used a retrospective approach in A Dolls House and. The major events occur before the curtain goes up. The plays concern the way the characters dealt with these past events. The themes in A Dolls House made Ibsen the enemy of conservatives everywhere. The idea of a play that questioned a womans place in society and suggesting that a womans self was more important than her role as wife and mother, was unprecedented. The play caused outrage in many government and church officials. Some people felt that Ibsen was responsible for the rising divorce rate. Some theaters in Germany refused to perform the play the way Ibsen had written it. He was forced to write an alternate happy ending in which Nora sees the error of her ways and doesnt leave. The play became popular in Europe despite its harsh criticism. It was translated into many languages and performed worldwide. The controve rsy surrounding his play made Ibsen famous. Hedda Gabler was another experiment for Ibsen. Instead of presenting a social problem, he presented a psychological portrait of a fascinating and self-destructive woman. .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041 , .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041 .postImageUrl , .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041 , .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041:hover , .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041:visited , .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041:active { border:0!important; } .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041:active , .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041 .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubdf07f392fb485d94332a0fcf7d33041:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gender Roles Essay ThesisAfter a twenty-seven-year self-imposed exile, Ibsen returned to Norway in 1891. In October 1893, Ibsens wife Suzannah, returned to Italy due to a recurring problem with gout. While she was gone, Ibsen found a young lady companion. She was a pianist named Hildur Andersen. Hildur became a constant companion on visits to theatres, lectures, and galleries. He later gave her a diamond ring as a symbol of their union. He wrote to her after his wife returned home from Italy. Ibsen and his wife had marital problems after she returned. He discussed his marriage with an old friend Elise Auber. According to Halvdan Koht,Ibsen was clearly disturbed about his o wn marriage and spoke to Mrs. Auber about it. He had many conflicts with his wife at this time, and on occasion his anger was so extreme that he threatened to leave her. These outbursts were only momentary, and he knew that they would never separate.Ibsens third period of work started after he returned to Norway. It was referred to as the Symbolist Period. The plays in this period contain elements of defeat. The Master Builder deals with an aging architect who succumbs to defeat. John Gabriel Borkman is about a man who sacrifices his love to become rich. Ironically, the title of Ibsens last play was When We Dead Awaken. In 1900, Ibsen suffered a stroke. He never completely recovered from his stroke and was an invalid for the rest of his life. Despite his medical setback, he was a fighter until the end. When he was coming out of a coma in 1906, the nurse commented that he appeared slightly better. Ibsen replied On the contrary! Sadly, he died a few days later.BibliographyIbsen, Henrik. Six Plays by Henrik Ibsen. New York: The ModernLibrary Press, 1957. Jacobs, Lee. The Bedford Introduction to Drama Third Edition. Boston: Bedford Books, 1997Meyer, Michael Henrik Ibsen: A Biography. 3 volumes. Garden City: Doubleday, 1971. Thomas, David. Henrik Ibsen. New York: Grove, 1984

Physics AT1-Resistance of a wire Essay Example

Physics AT1-Resistance of a wire Essay The electric current in a solid is a movement of tiny negative charged electrons. As these electrons move they collide with the particles of the solid which makes the electrons movement difficult. Resistance is a measure of how difficult it is for the electrons to move. A high resistance means that the electrons will make lots of collisions and lose lots of energy. The circuit itself can resist the flow of particles if the wires are either very thin or very long. e.g.The filament across an electric bulb is quite thin as needs to resist the flow of particles for the bulb to glow. Resistance is measured in ohms. The higher the resistance, the lower the current. If there is high resistance, to get the same current a higher voltage will be needed to provide an extra push for the electricity. Some metals have less resistance than others. Wires are always made out of copper because copper has a low resistance and therefore it is a good conductor. The length and width of a wire also has an effect.Ohms Law: The current is proportional to the voltage, provided the temperature remains constant.FactorsThe resistance of a wire depends on certain factors. Some of these variables are listed below:à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Length of wireà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Diameter or thickness of wireà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Temperature at which wire is keptà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The material of which the wire is made out ofà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The potential difference or voltageà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Humidityà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Cross sectional areaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Voltage across circuitI will be investigating the diameter of a wire and how it effects the resistance. All the other factors will have to be kept constant whilst doing the experiment to ensure that the investigation is a fair test. I have decided to investigate how the diameter of a wire affects its resistance because other factors such as temperature are harder to control and get a good set of results. The way in which the diameter of a wire affects the resistance is an efficient experiment to do b ecause:* A graph can be plotted easily* There is a large range of results* The results can be recorded easilyIn order for the investigation to be a fair test, all other factors should be kept constant. The investigation has to be done in a fair way otherwise the results will be inaccurate and the conclusion will be incorrect. The variables that must be kept constant are:1) Temperature When the temperature of a wire increases the resistance of that wire increases. This is because when the temperature increases the atoms inside the wire vibrate more vigorously because of the increase in energy. This means that the electrons have more difficulty getting through the wire as they collide with the other in their pathway. This increases the amount of collisions therefore there is more resistance. To make sure the temperature does not effect my result too much it is essential I use a low voltage because it means a low current, which wont heat up the wires. If a high voltage is used the ener gy would be in form of heat which would make the experiment unfair. The investigation will be done at room temperature. The temperature cannot be investigated because it is hard to control the range of temperature needed without the correct apparatus.2) Length of wire The longer a wire, the larger the resistance. This is because there are more atoms in the wire so there is more chance that the electrons would collide with one of the atoms therefore there is more resistance. In a long wire electrons have a longer distance to travel so there are more collisions so this will change the resistance up and in a short wire electrons have a short distance to travel so they collide less and therefore there is a lower resistance. This is because when you have a long wire, the electrons have to squeeze together for longer to be able to pass through the wire than they do in order to be able to pass through a short wire. It is important to keep the length of the wire the same each time otherwise it could not be certain which variable is changing the resistance. If I had a 30 cm wire and a 60 cm wire, the 60 cm wire would have a resistance twice that of the 30 cm wire.3) Type of material Different materials have different resistances because the materials atomic structures are different so some wires have low resistances and some have high resistances. Therefore it is important to keep the material the same throughout the experiment. If different materials are used throughout the investigation, it will affect the results. For example if sometimes copper is used and sometimes nichrome is used, the results where copper is used will be of a low resistance because of the material and not because of the diameter of the wire. Throughout the experiment nichrome wires will be used. The type of material will affect the amount of free electrons that are able to flow through the wire. If the particles in the material are tightly packed together, the electrons will have more collisions and therefore more resistance.All these factors must be kept constant to make the investigation fair. All the other factors must also be kept constant as well. The same apparatus must be used throughout the investigation. It is also important to take two repeats and find the mean so if one result is very inaccurate, the other will average it out.QuestionWhat effect does the diameter of a wire have on the resistance through it?PredictionMy hypothesis is that the thinner the wire, the higher the resistance. The thicker the wire, the lower the resistance. This is because the thinner the wire is, the less paths there are for electrons in the wire therefore the harder it is for current to flow. This results in the energy not being able to spread out as much, so the resistance will be higher. This theory is similar to that of a door, where people represent the electrons and the door represents the diameter of the wire. If the door is wider, more people can get through, more easily. If th e door is small, people have more difficulty and not as many people can walk in or out of the door. It is the same principal for electrons. If the diameter of a wire is thicker more electrons can go through the wire, therefore less resistance. The atoms from the metals cannot stop or collide with as many electrons because the diameter of the wire is larger.This diagram shows the negatively charged electrons travelling through a wire colliding with the wire particles. The more these electrons collide the more resistance there is. In a thick wire there is more space in between the wire particles and the electrons will collide less. In a thin wire there is less space between the particles and so the electrons will collide more. This is why I believe that the thinner the wire, the higher the resistance and the thicker the wire, the lower the resistance.PlanTo prove the prediction above I plan to do as follows. I am going to test the resistance through different diameters of wires. To do this I will need a voltmeter, ammeter, power pack and some different wire diameters. I plan to test five wires all with different diameters. I plan to set up my circuit as shown below:Where the wire is position I will have a pair of crocodile clips to hold it in place. I plan to use 70cm of each nichrome wire and I plan to coil each wire. To help keep my results accurate I plan to only use a low current when testing; this will keep the temperature of the wire down. For each wire I plan to take one reading from the voltmeter at a constant current of 0.5 A. I then plan to repeat the reading of each wire three times and take the average result . I shall then be able to calculate the resistance of the wire using the equation resistance = volts/amps and represent this data in the form of a graph.Fair TestI have already mentioned which factor I am investigating and which factors I will keep constant (see pages 1 and 2). I will do the following things to make the experiment a fair test:* Use the same material for each wire* Use the same length of each wire* Take readings using a low current (keeps temp. down)* Use same equipment for each testSafety PrecautionsI will take the following precautions and make sure others are safe as well:* I will wear safety glasses* I will make sure there are no bag or obstacles on the floor causing a hazard* I will be careful with the electricity present* I will not run around* I will not touch live wiresMethodApparatus* Voltmeter* Ammeter* 2 Crocodile clips* 5 nichrome wires (0.28mm, 0.31mm, 0.40mm, 0.45mm, 0.50mm)* Power Supply Pack* Circuit wiresI first set up the apparatus as shown below:Then for each diameter of wire I followed the following steps:1. I measured 70cm of the wire and coiled it around a pen2. I placed the coiled wire in the circuit attaching it with the crocodile clips3. I took a reading of the voltage through the wire at one certain point, which was 0.14. I presented the readings for the wire in a table of voltage against current (V against A) and calculated the resistance which is voltage divided by the current (constant at 0.5 A)5. I repeated the readings (using the same equipment) for the same diameter of wire three times to make sure they were accurate6. From the results I took an average for resistance7. I then repeated the process for the other four wiresResultsFrom the following results I will produce graphs to show what was found out more clearly.Set 1Wire Diameter (mm)Current (A)Voltage (V)Resistance (Ohms)0.280.55.711.40.310.54.28.40.400.53.16.20.450.52.040.500.51.42.8Set 2Wire Diameter (mm)Current (A)Voltage (V)Resistance (Ohms)0.280.55.811.60.310.54.38.60.400.53.46.80.450.52.550.500.51.32.6Set 3Wire Diameter (mm)Current (A)Voltage (V)Resistance (Ohms)0.280.55.611.20.310.54.28.40.400.53.36.60.450.52.34.60.500.51.32.6Average SetWire Diameter (mm)Average Resistance (Ohms)0.2811.40.318.40.406.50.454.50.502.6ConclusionThe results shown on my tables and my graph clearly show that the th inner a wire the greater the resistance of that wire .From my tables you can see that I got three sets of results. My repeated results all (to a reasonable degree of accuracy) agree with my first set.From my graph we can clearly see the average results and also see that there is one anomaly, which does not fit in with my line of best fit. Looking at the table I can see that it is not just one reading that made the average an anomaly. There could be several reasons for the anomalous result. Firstly maybe the wire I used had been damaged from previous experiments or perhaps it was not exactly the diameter 0.31mm. Secondly maybe I didnt read off the voltmeter accurately. Thirdly, I used crocodile clips to fix the wire and perhaps I didnt fix the wire sufficiently well in the clip.I observed that the thinner a wire the higher the resistance. This is because of collisions inside a wire. Imagine a metal wire it contains lots of particles which make up the wire. The electrons have to trav el through this wire. As the electrons travel through the wire they will collide with the particles of the wire. The more collisions the electrons have, the higher the resistance. However, in a thick wire the particles are more spread out and the electrons have more room to travel through. There are fewer collisions and hence the resistance is less.Even though there is a result which doesnt fit the pattern, the majority of results still follow my prediction.Improvements and EvaluationAlthough I took precautions to ensure this was a fair test, there were some areas where accuracy could have been improved. The anomalous result suggests that I would need to repeat at least that part of the experiment for that width of wire. It could be that I didnt accurately measure out 70 cm of wire or I didnt read the voltmeter correctly. However, I think this last explanation is unlikely because I read the voltmeter three times and each time the reading was almost the same (4.2,4.3,4.2). This sugge sts to me that the reason for this discrepancy is more likely to be an inaccurate measurement of either the width or length. There is also the question of whether the current was measured accurately.Repeating my results more than 3 times would further improve my results and maybe correct the anomaly. To improve my experiment I should have taken more time making sure wires are correct lengths and thickness.Further work that could be done is to look at each wire in more detail. Trying more currents and investigating more factors for example or maybe trying more diameters of wires would be further ideas.

50 Million Years of Whale Evolution

50 Million Years of Whale Evolution The basic theme of whale evolution is the development of large animals from much smaller ancestorsand nowhere is this more evident than in the case of multi-ton sperm and gray whales, whose ultimate forebears were small, dog-sized prehistoric mammals that prowled the riverbeds of central Asia 50 million years ago. Perhaps more intriguingly, whales are also a case study in the gradual evolution of mammals from fully terrestrial to fully marine lifestyles, with corresponding adaptations (elongated bodies, webbed feet, blowholes, etc.) at various key intervals along the way. Until the turn of the 21st century, the ultimate origin of whales was shrouded in mystery, with scarce remains of early species. That all changed with the discovery of a huge trove of fossils in central Asia (specifically, the country of Pakistan), some of which are still being analyzed and described. These fossils, which date from only 15 to 20 million years after the demise of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, prove that the ultimate ancestors of whales were closely related to artiodactyls, the even-toed, hooved mammals represented today by pigs and sheep. The First Whales - Pakicetus, Ambulocetus, and Rodhocetus In most ways, Pakicetus (Greek for Pakistan whale) was indistinguishable from other small mammals of the early Eocene epoch: about 50 pounds or so, with long, dog-like legs, a long tail, and a narrow snout. Crucially, though, the anatomy of this mammals inner ears closely matches that of modern whales, the main diagnostic feature that places Pakicetus at the root of whale evolution. One of Pakicetus closest relatives was Indohyus (Indian pig), an ancient artiodactyl with some intriguing marine adaptations, such as a thick, hippopotamus-like hide. Ambulocetus, aka the walking whale, flourished a few million years after Pakicetus and already displayed some distinctly whale-like characteristics. Whereas Pakicetus led a mostly terrestrial lifestyle, occasionally dipping into lakes or rivers to find food, Ambulocetus possessed a long, slender, otter-like body, with webbed, padded feet and a narrow, crocodile-like snout. Ambulocetus was much bigger than Pakicetusabout 10 feet long and 500 pounds, much closer to a blue whale than a guppyand probably spent a significant amount of time in the water. Named after the region of Pakistan where its bones were discovered, Rodhocetus shows even more striking adaptations to an aquatic lifestyle. This prehistoric whale was genuinely amphibious, crawling up onto dry land only to forage for food and (possibly) give birth. In evolutionary terms, though, the most telling feature of Rodhocetus was the structure of its hip bones, which werent fused to its backbone and thus provided it greater flexibility when swimming. The Next Whales - Protocetus, Maiacetus, and Zygorhiza The remains of Rodhocetus and its predecessors have been found mostly in central Asia, but the larger prehistoric whales of the late Eocene epoch (which were able to swim faster and farther) have been unearthed in more diverse locations. The deceptively named Protocetus (it wasnt really the first whale) had a long, seal-like body, powerful legs for propelling itself through the water, and nostrils that had already begun to migrate halfway up it foreheada development foreshadowing the blowholes of modern whales. Protocetus shared one important characteristic with two roughly contemporary prehistoric whales, Maiacetus, and Zygorhiza. The front limbs of Zygorhiza were hinged at the elbows, a strong clue that it crawled onto land to give birth, and a specimen of Maiacetus (meaning good mother whale) has been found with a fossilized embryo inside, positioned in the birth canal for terrestrial delivery. Clearly, the prehistoric whales of the Eocene epoch had a lot in common with modern giant tortoises! The Giant Prehistoric Whales By about 35 million years ago, some prehistoric whales had attained gigantic sizes, bigger even than modern blue or sperm whales. The largest genus yet known is Basilosaurus, the bones of which (discovered in the mid-19th century) were once thought to belong to a dinosaurhence its deceptive name, meaning king lizard. Despite its 100-ton size, Basilosaurus possessed a relatively small brain and didnt use echolocation when swimming. Even more important from an evolutionary perspective, Basilosaurus led a fully aquatic lifestyle, birthing as well as swimming and feeding in the ocean. Contemporaries of Basilosaurus were much less fearsome, perhaps because there was only room for one giant mammalian predator in the undersea food chain. Dorudon was once thought to be a baby Basilosaurus; only later was it realized that this small whale (only about 16 feet long and half a ton) merited its own genus. And the much later Aetiocetus (which lived about 25 million years ago), though it weighed only a few tons, shows the first primitive adaptation to plankton feedingsmall plates of baleen alongside its ordinary teeth. No discussion of prehistoric whales would be complete without a mention of a fairly new genus, the aptly named Leviathan, which was announced to the world in the summer of 2010. This 50-foot-long sperm whale weighed only about 25 tons, but it seems to have preyed on its fellow whales along with prehistoric fish and squids, and it may have been preyed on in turn by the largest prehistoric shark of all time, the Basilosaurus-sized Megalodon.

10 Tips for Saying Goodbye to Your College-Bound Child

10 Tips for Saying Goodbye to Your College-Bound Child For many parents, saying goodbye to a daughter or son headed off to college is one of lifes most wrenching moments. As a parent, you want to leave your child on an upbeat note, and you may try to squelch any worry or sadness. Dont fight it- its a natural response. After all, a child whos been a primary focus of your life is about to strike out on their own, and your role will be reduced. There are lots of ways to minimize the tears and roll with the changes, making the parting process easier for college students and their parents. The Year Before Departure Your childs senior year is pressure-filled with worries about college applications and acceptances, concerns with maintaining grades and doing many things for the last time. Although your teen may mourn final events shared by the school community (last homecoming dance, football game, school play, musical concert, prom), its harder to come to terms with personal losses that cant be publicly shared. Instead of being present with the sadness, many teens find it easier to express anger, and those outbursts may be directed at family members. They may subconsciously think its easier to part from a stupid, whining younger sister or a controlling, uncaring parent than close family members whom they love and are afraid to leave; thus, they may act in ways that create a distance. Ignore the nasty outbursts and the labels. This is not your teen hating on you- its your teen subconsciously trying to make it easier to disengage from the family. Many families report that more arguments break out in the final months before college than ever before. Your teen may label you or other family members, but thats not a judgment on you as a parent. Its stereotyping just like the labels ugly stepsister or evil stepmother are caricatures and stereotypes. Its easier to imagine a bright future at college when youre leaving behind a stereotypical clinging mother, overbearing father, or younger sibling whos always butting in.Dont take it personally. You arent doing anything wrong- this is just a normal part of growing up. Teens who are trying to find independence need to differentiate themselves from parents and family and express their own strong opinions and ideas of how things should be done. Dont conclude that your child has always hated you and that their real nature is com ing out now that theyre leaving for college. Its just part of the separation process and is a temporary stage of development. Dont take it to heart; its not your child talking- its the fear of leaving home and entering the adult world thats lashing out at you. Keep calm and carry on. You may be shopping for bedsheets or towels and a fight erupts over the smallest of things. Take a deep breath, keep calm, and carry on with what youre doing. Resist the urge to give up and do it another day. The more you can stick with your routines and all your planned college preparation, the more youll minimize conflict and stress. It wont be easier to shop or get through your childs college to-do list if you postpone it for a better day because that day may not come unless you keep it together and deal with these moments calmly. The  School Drop-Off Move-in day is always chaotic and disorganized. You may have been assigned a specific move-in time or arrive as one of the hundreds of cars queued up to drop off boxes and suitcases. Whatever the situation, let your child take the lead. One of the worst things parents can do that can earn them the helicopter label is to micromanage every aspect of move-in day and make their daughter or son seem childish and helpless, especially in front of the RA or dorm mates they will be living with. Let your student sign in, pick up the dorm key or key card, and find out about the availability of equipment such as hand trucks or moving carts. Although you might want to do things differently, its your incoming freshmans new life and new dorm room, not yours. There are no prizes for the person who moves in first, so dont feel as if you have to rush. Likewise, there is no right or wrong. Remember whose college life this is. One emotion that parents feel (but are reluctant to acknowledge) is regret or jealousy. All of us have some happy memories of college, and if we could turn the clock back, most of us would be eager to relive a day or two of our college experiences. Dont beat yourself up over this; envy is something many parents feel. Youre not the only one, and this doesnt make you a bad parent. But dont let that jealousy influence your students first day at college. Let them find their own experiences in their own time.Dont pass judgment. Maybe their  new roommate looks like a disaster and the teen down the hall seems like a better fit. No matter what your opinions are, keep them to yourself, and dont share your comments with your child. Your childs living independently means making their own judgments and assessing people and situations by themselves. If you walk into your childrens college life and already start making these assessments, youve disenfranchised them without even realizing it and are not giving them the chance or the credit to make up their own mind about things. Be pleasant, positive, and neutral about all that happens. Let your student do the talking. There will be a lot of new people to meet and names to remember. And it is your childs job to keep it all straight, not yours. If youre the parent of a socially awkward or shy student, you may find it hard not to jump in and take over the situation, make introductions all around, and negotiate the top or bottom bunk or the better dresser and desk for your offspring. Keep reminding yourself that its not your college experience or your decision to make- its your childs. Any choice that they make is the right one because they made it, and not anyone else.Prepare for not being completely prepared. No matter how far in advance you plan or how thorough you are in your list-making, shopping, and packing, youll either forget something or find that certain things dont work in your childs new living arrangements or new life. Dont overbook your drop-off day with no extra time to run to the nearest drugstore, supermarket, or discount store, because you will want to pick up those essentials you somehow overlooked. Its a lot easier for you to make that quick trip by car instead of leaving your child with extra cash and expecting them to walk or take a bus to unfamiliar locations. Plan an extra two hours of unscheduled time so you can take care of these things. Be like Goldilocks porridge: just right. Take a cue from the story The Three Little Bears. When the time comes to say goodbye and leave your child at school, dont be too warm (weepy and wailing and clutching on for dear life) and dont be too cold (distant and perfunctory in your hug goodbye and too matter-of-fact in your emotions). Strive to be just right. Its OK to shed some tears and give your child a good, solid, Ill really miss you bear hug and say how much you love and will miss them. Kids expect that and feel hurt if you dont show sufficient emotion. This is not the time to put on the brave, stoic face. Show the honest emotions of a parent who loves a child and finds it hard to pull away. After all, thats exactly what youre feeling, and honesty is the best policy. Post Drop-Off Days and Weeks Youve said goodbye. Now mean it. It may be hard to believe, but some parents text their children the minute they get in the car and drive away. Put the phone down and give them their space. Dont call every day to make sure everythings OK. If possible, let your child be the one to touch base. Many parents agree on a predetermined day and time to talk to their child by phone or Skype, typically once a week. By respecting boundaries and their need to separate, you will help your child establish an independent life and develop a new support network of others they can trust.Dont hover, but be there. Many parents use social media to keep track of their kids at college and ask their children to friend them so they can maintain contact. Watch and look, but dont post or comment. Let them have their own space. And if your child tells you about incidents at college that are upsetting, resist the urge to get involved unless they ask you to intervene. Part of growing up involves facing difficult or challenging moments and finding a way through those hard times. Signs of maturity include flexibility, adaptability,  and resilience, and college is the ideal time to work on these skills. But if situations escalate to the point at which they threaten your childs physical or mental health- or put them in jeopardy- step in and offer aid. But ask for permission first. You want to support your child as much as possible but not to the extent that you dismantle the initial foundation of self-sufficiency. Finding the right balance will take time, but eventually, youll both get there.

Field Interview Paper about Correctional Institution Guard Essay

Field Interview Paper about Correctional Institution Guard - Essay Example I would put together group activities like partnering teams up to create, design, implement, and display their project after observing it for a week in nature so the detainees can get fresh air and spend some one on one time with each other. They would be paired in groups that I felt would benefit one another from previous observation, and then I would have them display and explain the project. Softball would be good for their souls that shows real fun within a simple game where they can show gratitude, work as a team, cut up, be loud, where I could watch and the youngsters get exercise frequently. Since I would want to work with 13 to 17 year old juveniles would take the juvenile approach because it consists of talking openly about the crimes they have committed and taking blame because a lot of people who commit crimes are ate up with guilt. When that guilt builds up and is not let out in the open, and then it can drive someone insane, cause them to inflict pain on themselves, hurt or kill others or themselves. In this process I would keep a Your last name ii journal of notes on each day with each detainee and their actions, participations, and outcomes or improvements were there problems. This attempt would be to discuss the facilities statistics and their age and crime rates, the life of inmates who are in for good or on death row. This can bring reality in the discussion, like an eye opener and time for these individuals to think back to their own crime(s) because that is an attempt for them to talk. I would have an open discussion about the guidelines of healing and integrity including the group’s opinions and comments and talk about how crime does not affect just the victim but both sides’ families, their reputation, and where they stand or feel and are they ashamed. Taking responsibility for actions, how to fix anything, acceptance, apologies, a written apology to the other family, whether sent or not but to get their feelings out, but ask them to do this later to discuss at the next meeting. I would also leave on a positive note with maybe everyone going around the room stating their favorite music and why. There is a sport that I can see myself doing up in middle aged and elderly years, and that would definitely have to get in to bowling, even order personalized balls and shoes, because I have never had either the money, sitter, or time and that would be a good time in life to take part in it especially with my husband who enjoys the sport, too. I know if my husband and I walk every other day, and are still able to get up and use a 8 to 12 pound ball like we always have because it is a safe, fun, and happy interactive sport that is fun to play with all members of the family, groups of friends, as a caregiver who is overseeing different age levels of people regardless of whether they are handicapped, afterschool, summer camp, or just a day camp. In bowling, just like for any other people who have hobbies and things people enjoy, it is easy to get in to and find out through others and sponsors who may help pay for you to create your own Your last name iii or even become a member of a group, association, or team member, and have certain nights of the week where you go and have some time to yourself because everyone

Prepare a report of your findings for the two owners Essay - 1

Prepare a report of your findings for the two owners - Essay Example Analytically, for a given time, Nora has been protracted as a â€Å"Doll† in the house of Torvald Helmer. She has been Torvald’s petowing to the fact she was limited in making decision on her own. The analysis of the play will try to bring out the fact that if it were not for the extortion plot, Nora would have remained submissive to Torvald. Nora and Krogstad share common problems: they are all wronged by the society, and they have been involved in a forgery problem. This common problem between themtends to be the starting point of a conflict, which is strongly catalyzed by Krogstad. The forgery of signatures is central, and competition at work place is the glue that binds Nora and Krogstad together while threatening their marriage. Torvalds clearly knows that Krogstad had forged the signature, as he states in conversation between him and his wife. â€Å"He forged someone’s name. Have you any idea what that means?† (Doll’s House, Act 2). In the turn of events, Krogstad starts to blackmail Nora following a loan that she obtains from Krogstad using a forged signature of her dead dad. These secret transactions are part of the main cause that Nora has to remain loyal to Krogstand hence being treated as a pet. Krogstad even takes advantage of this situation to secure and keep his position at workplace. By keeping his job, Krogstad will be able to attend to the need of his family. The involvement of the two in this forgery places Nora Helmer at a crossroad. At this point, we can see her contemplating suicide because of the heightened problems in her life that was born out of the secrets and the subsequent mistreatment. It reaches a point whereby, Krogstad uses this secret to threaten Torvalds of the ills that he has done in the bank. The attempt of suicide is noted and prevented by Krogstad who also had once been in the same scenario: Krogstad says the following to her

Contemporary Views of Leadership Essay Example for Free

Contemporary Views of Leadership Essay Contemporary Views of Leadership Somina Membere University of Phoenix Commonalities and Disparities of Contemporary Views of Leadership In evaluating the various contemporary leadership models, I will start with a definition of leadership within the contemporary context. There have been several definitions, research studies commonalities and disparities about leadership and leadership theories. According to Burns (1978), the father of contemporary leadership thinking, leadership is the leader encouraging the follower to act for the goals that characterize their common beliefs and for the benefit of both follower and leader. According to Wren (1995), the complexity and variation of leadership definition stems from all the variables involved including the leader, the followers and the circumstances. Bass (1985) defines leadership along the lines of transforming followers, by creating visions, goals and the path for followers to the achieving the goals. The brilliance of leadership lies in the ability of the leader to transform him and to act on behalf of the interest of both himself and the follower. Fiedler (1967), simplifies leadership as the direction and coordination of the work of group members. The ways in which a collective group of people are motivated towards achieving their objective (Roach Behling, 1984). However, Burn’s work on transactional and transforming leadership is the Holy Grail from where other contemporary leadership thoughts have evolved. Every definition, acknowledges the relationship, of the three ingredients in the leadership mix; the leader, the follower and the purpose. Other contemporary models have evolved since, including spiritual leadership, situational leadership, contingency leadership, charismatic leadership and eastern leadership. In evaluating contemporary leadership models, I have chosen to explore the commonalities and differences of writings of three views involving spiritual leadership, transforming leadership and contingency models. I will analyze each model within the context of a developing country; particularly Nigeria, where corruption, education and governance are major handicap to development. Spiritual Leadership Spiritual leadership according to  Spiritual Leadership As Intrinsic Motivation  (2013), is â€Å"intrinsically motivating and inspiring workers through hope/faith in a vision of service to key stakeholders and a corporate culture based on  the values of altruistic love to produce a highly motivated, committed and productive workforce† (para. 1). The word spirituality quickly brings religion and its tenets to mind. Crossman (2003), differentiates spirituality from religion as a private experience, and religion as an organized process involving the public, using sacred writings and ceremonials (Crossman, 2003). Within the context of this paper, spirituality transcends religion and any particular religious beliefs and bias, because in general, spirituality is seen by many writers as an intimate and private relationship and experience (Houston Sokolow, 2006, Speck, 2005). According to Speck (2005) it is a matter of ones own heart (pp. 8-12). The law also protects and provides for individuals to practice and define their personal spirituality (Lowery, 2005). There are divergent views for the resurgence of spiritual leadership. Crossman (2003) attributes the resurgence to recent interest to find answers to social ills, the influence of all-inclusive ideas and change in scientific ideas that have influenced society. Cavanagh and Bandsuch (2002), have attributed the resurgence to disclosures by notable public figures about the positive influence of spirituality on their careers. These ideas have motivated other leadership scholars to revisit the subject. Others have found increasing annoyance and displeasure with greediness as the reason for the reemergence of spiritual leadership (Hoppe, 2005). All of the above reasons, point to one singular fact, a displeasure with the leadership status quo and need for new way of thinking about the leadership phenomenon. There appears to be more commonalities in the spiritual leadership discourse than there are disparities. A leadership style aligned with faith and hope draws many sympathizing views. Benefits of spiritual leadership such as improved self-confidence and stress management have been identified by both Crossman (2010) and Fairholm (2003). Every profession, organization and society will benefit from a leadership style that will improve the morale of staff, improve shareholder value and help staff reduce stress. This is of particular benefit to developing countries like Nigeria, where spiritualism is highly revered. Having a system of leadership that the people already believe in, will significantly improve employee morale and productivity for organizations. Other areas where spiritual leadership scholars share identical views, is in the area of the relationship of spiritualism and business. Both Sumner (1959), and Durkheim (1915/1968) share similar view. Sumner states, that because of the difference in purposes between spirituality and business, they have never been successfully associated. Durkheim (1968) stated, â€Å"the sacred and the profane cannot co-exist in the same place† (pp. 344-349). A more graphic representation was by Metcalfe (2008), referring to the relationship as a fearful prospect if spirituality sets up tent with businesses; which he terms as irrational, manipulative and insane. Drawing from their discomfort with the integration of spirituality with business, one is left to question, in which environment and organization, is the leader with spiritual attributes most suited and in what context could it be implemented. Crossman (2003), answers this question by citing several organizations that have incorporated spiritual perspectives into their corporate proclamations. Example include Amway, Pratt, Toms of Maine, Tickler and Ford. Within the context of a developing country such as Nigeria, the spiritual leadership model will be well received. Nigerians perceive everything spiritual with holism and sacredness. It follows therefore, in a country where corruption and governance is rife, a leadership model that is akin to values of faith and hope will attract the followers to the leadership for a common goal. According to Sendjaya, Sarros, and Santora (2008)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"serving others in organizations and the wider society as an act of obedience and gratitude to a higher power† (pp. 404-408). This quality of service, beyond self, is a necessary ingredient for elevating the morale of followers; which  is a desperately needed remedy in the Nigerian context. Transformational Leadership Burns, the father of contemporary leadership thinking, as part his seminal work on leadership, also propagated the now popular transformation and transaction leadership theories. As expected, his work has generated plenty interest and variation. The most popular variation of the transformation leadership theory, is the work by Bass. Burns (1978) and Bass (1985) are different sides of the same coin. Bass (1985) transformational theory was an offshoot of Burns (1978) initial transformation concept. Beyond the initial idea and the similarity in name, little more related the works of both men. Bass’s work was changed from transformation leadership to transformational leadership. To Burns, the difference between transformational and transactional leadership is about what they offer each other. Transformational leaders, he argues, provide a solution that transcends immediate satisfaction, but instead focuses on higher order fundamental needs (Judge Piccolo, 2004). Bass transformational leadership is about the transformation of the follower, in a one-way directional influence, dissimilar to Burns, where through the interaction of leader and follower, the leader also gets transformed (Cuoto, (1993). In the area of usage, Bass’s work was focused in formal organizations i. e. schools, military, businesses whilst Burns leadership research is within politics and social sectors (Cuoto, 1993). In contrast, Burns (1978), researched on the relationship between leaders and followers, within a political environment. Bass’s focus on traditional organizations is an indication that his work is most applicable to corporate organizations, whose objective is profit maximization and value creation for shareholders. According to Cuoto (1993), Bass’s focus was in formal 20th century organizational setting, where profit maximization, management and strategies blend. Both Burns (1978) and Bass (1985), transformational theories could easily be applicable in the context of a developing nation such as Nigeria. Burn’s model will suit a political setting to groom leaders with character and empathy and Bass’s proposal will help transform leadership in a corporate environment, for the maximization of profit and growth. Contemporary Leadership There are two popular contemporary models of leadership that will be analyzed; Fiedler’s contingency theory and Vroom and Yetton’s normative approach. Feiedler’s work is centered around task motivated and relationship motivated leadership styles, while Vroom and Yetton’s work is focused on three decision making styles of leadership; autocratic, consultative and group (Chemers, 1984). However, they both agree that, there is no one best way for leaders to make decisions, rather the characteristics of the situation determines the best approach. This approach is reminiscent of flexibility in the decision making process and the ability to respond to change effectively. Other similarities between Fieldler and Vroom and Yetton, is their identical predictions concerning the effectiveness and efficiency of autocratic and participative decision styles (Chemers, 1984). Interestingly, Bass also contributes to the conversation, regarding decision-making styles in leadership. He identified five decision-making styles called directive, negotiative, consultative, participative, and delegative (Chemers, 1984). Their most notable disparity between these two models of contemporary leadership scholars, is in the area of leadership ability to quickly change their decision styles. The normative model argues, that leaders can quickly change their style to adapt to situational circumstance, whilst Fielder argues that leaders are of a certain type, with well-formed attributes that are difficult to reshape (Chermers, 1984). Conclusion In conclusion, all the contemporary leadership models we have analyzed, bear their roots from the great work by Burns (1978), giving recognition to the follower and exalting the sacrosanct role of the leadership function. The leader he argues, provides a need beyond material and tangible satisfaction which uplifts the follower. In return, the follower responses to every suggestion and direction given by the leader. This dynamics of this leader, follower relationship set the ball rolling for other seminal work in leadership, including Bass (1985), Chermers (1984) and (Avolio Bass, 1995). African countries, such as Nigeria and other third world countries, seriously lack effective leadership, which is effecting economic development (Guest, 2013). A testament to the fact is, the Mo Ibrahim Leadership Award, has only been won three times since its inception seven years ago. We have here, a blue print for tackling most kinds of leadership challenges. Our leaders should lend their ears and eyes to the transformational change and wise counsel of leadership scholars.

Images Of Control Propaganda Essay -- essays research papers fc

One of the greatest revolutions in the twentieth century was not political in nature. It however aided in many different political revolutions. This revolution was the communications revolution. The twentieth century has experienced one of the greatest changes in mean of communication including technologies such as radio, television, motion pictures, advanced telecommunications and the Internet. These technologies have been used to fulfill the purposes of many. Some who wished to use this technology to influence other people. A term commonly used to describe the use of media to convince or persuade other people of a certain idea or cause is propaganda. Political leaders often use techniques of propaganda, as the goal of politicians is to convince people that their ideas supercede those of others. Two examples of propaganda being used extensively during the twentieth century is by the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi) in Germany from 1933 – 1945 and by the Communis t government led by Josef Stalin in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1929 – 1953. In examining these two states and their use of propaganda, it can be seen that although both state had radically different ideologies, certain trends in their use of propaganda can be found to be in common. These primarily being: the glorification of individuals or groups as heroes, the glorification of the leader of the state, and the dehumanizing of the state’s enemies. After Adolf Hitler was proclaimed Chancellor of Germany in 1933 he started to establish a Nazi government. It became immediately apparent that the new government would have to get the people’s unquestioned support. Although the Nazi party had been relatively popular before Hitler became Chancellor, there was still opposition to be found in some people. One tactic that was used by the Nazi propagandists was to use a hero to symbolize all that could be accomplished under the new National Socialist government. A hero is also useful to rally the people behind something that they can relate to and have sympathy for. The obvious example of this is the Nazi glorification of Horst Wessel. Considered a Nazi martyr, he was in reality murdered and was not really a hero at all. He was however used by Nazi Propaganda minister Goebbels to be seen as a National Socialist hero who was murdered by Communists (Welch, 1983, p. 75). Horst Wes... ...es from both nations can reveal certain common themes including the glorification of heroes, an all-powerful leader and the degradation of the nation’s enemies. It can be concluded that since two separate nations used the same themes and media that there must have been some degree of success. As one looks back at these two regimes one may wonder how people could have supported these radical and often horrific forms of government. Propaganda is defiantly one of many answers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Bonnel, Victoria E. Iconography of Power: Soviet Political Posters under Lenin and Stalin Berkeley:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  University of California Press, 1997. Britain Alone. Videotape. London: BBC TV [1980]. 20min. Hitler, Adolf and Anton Drexler Programme of the NSDAP, 24 February 1920, 1999, Hiter Historical  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Museum, Retrieved 07 Nov. 1999. Maltin, Leonard â€Å"Triumph of the Will† Leonard Maltin’s Movie and Video Guide 1995 [CD-ROM]. Dutton Signet, 1994. Triumph Des Willens. Dir. Leni Riefenstahl Berlin: NSDAP – Reichspropaganda Abteilund, 1934 Welch, David Propaganda and the German Cinema: 1933 – 1945 Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983

Analyse the effects of education on the developing countries Essay

Analyse the effects of education on the developing countries Development is one of the themes of modern society and there are a variety of elements influencing the development. Many countries experience declares that education gradually play a more and more vital role in development. Education policies which depend on the specific national conditions can lead to a different result. Overall, primary education may be a key to promote the influence including population, health and economic growth. Secondary education not only provides some skilled workers to society, but also is the foundation of higher education. When the country tries to develop the high-tech economy and to transform the social structure, the tertiary education will make a necessary and positive effect on its development. In the education system, basic education is the foundation of secondary and tertiary education. But primary education is not only a part of the education system. It is a very important element which impact on the level of mass culture, Social stability, economic development, population growth and public health. These parts and primary education are interrelated and interact on each other. It is an efficient way to develop these together and lead to a steady and rapid development of society by improving basic education. To make it clear we can put it into a chart(see appendix 1). There are 800 million illiterate adults who are very hard to find a high-income job in the earth, although the world develops rapidly. To solve this problem, universal basic education is a prime way. For example through popularize basic education farmers are able to read the instruction of fertilizer and some agriculture machine, which has an obvious effect in increase of agricultural productivity (Brown, 2008). The situation in industry is similar because of the higher efficiency. There is no doubt that mass culture level and economic growth would also get ahead because of this. In this respect, both Bangladesh and Iran can serve as models which have successful adult literacy programs (Brown, 2008). Widening gap between rich and poor is a source of instability of society (Brown, 2008), while primary education is an important way to narrow it. In most instances, especially for those countries whose rich-poor gap is it is enormous, it is a key to improve the living standard of the poor by universal basic education. Education could also decrease the crime rate (Stephen, Linda, 2003). Therefore, the narrower Rich-poor gap can provide a steady social surrounding in order to a better foundation for economic growth. Economic growth also has feedback in education. When government has enough money to invest to the education, the better education surrounding and higher teacher level would surely improve education, and finally reach a benign circulation. It is justification for public spending on education, because it is based on the high social rate of return. The study shows that investment of primary education can bring the highest social rate of return, followed by secondary and tertiary education (Gupta et al,2004) For developing countries, overpopulation is usually regarded as a basic and important problem. The increase of population would Significant bring the decrease of per capita resource, which also brings huge stress on environment and government. To solve this problem, it is a basic way to spread basic education especially for women. If girls accept more education, they would marry later, and have fewer children, which is a win-win-win situation (Plan 2008). Furthermore, they will have a higher expect and more requirements on their children. Meanwhile, they would focus more on their children’s quality instead of quantity. No doubt that this situation has a positive effect on Population quality Education also has a great effect on public health. First point, Use female education as an example, data shows that there is obvious relationship between educational attainment of mothers and mortality rates of under-5 children (Unicef, 2005). They are also more likely to have healthier children (World Bank, 2008). For the adult, once they receive more medical knowledge, the chances of infection by various diseases get significantly lower. For example, the best way to cure disease like AIDS is teach people how to prevent it. Health also has effect on education. In this aspect, Health and poverty usually work together. In poor areas, children usually hungry or ill, so it is hard for them to have a good state to study. Secondary education, linking primary and tertiary, is the easiest to be undervalued. Occasionally people purely regard lower-secondary as the continuance of basic education and upper-secondary as the preparation of higher education, and the effect of secondary education itself is ignored. However, data given by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and the Vienna Institute of Demography (VID) of Austrian Academy of Sciences shows that secondary education provides a big boost to economic growth in low-income countries. The annual GDP growth  rates in a country with half population in secondary and universal primary (13%) is twice as much as that in one with merely universal primary (6. 5%) (Lutz et al, 2008). Another research suggests the return of secondary education is 18. 2% for men and 17. 0% for woman (Goh & Gopinathan, 2008). Education begins to differentiate at secondary level, upper-secondary especially. Usually secondary education is classified into academic secondary and vocational secondary. Academic secondary education is mainly pre-tertiary education and sometimes pre-vocational education. Graduates from academic secondary school are easier to find a ‘white-collar’ job, which is believed to be safe, comfortable and well-paid in Asia (Goh & Gopinathan, 2008; Holsinger & Cowell, 2000). Students in Asian are fond of academic secondary schooling due to the preference for ‘white-collar’ jobs, but all students are not suitable for academic secondary education. Vocational secondary schooling, which is specifically aimed at job skills, may be more beneficial to other students. Despite of low matriculate quality, many Asian countries seems still successful in vocational secondary education, Singapore for example. Since 1964, Singapore offered vocational secondary education to students who fail in entering academic secondary school. Because of vocational schooling, many of them master some basic skills, become skilled workers and find a job. When Singapore developed labor-intensive industries and were in huge demand for labor in the late 1960s and the early 1970s, vocational secondary schooling provided large quantities of workers for nation. Simultaneously, as the low mark students are matriculated in schools instead of coming into society too early, they are protected from unhealthy practices in society (Holsinger & Cowell, 2000). As vocational secondary education help people to find a work, it also decreases unemployment rate. In Africa, a good illustration of success in training programs is Zambia. Most training graduates can be employed in half a year. Unfortunately, in most of Africa where vocational training remains in low quality, graduates from training school still have difficulty in obtaining employment. Namibian for example, five years after graduation, the unemployment rate of graduates is as high as one fourth. That means vocational secondary education is ineffective when it is in poor quality (Kingombe, 2008). Like academic secondary education, vocational secondary education can also be provision for post-secondary education. In Singapore, after four years of vocational secondary education in the Normal Technical (NT) streams, most NT students enter the Institute of Technical Education to receive ‘high-tech’ education since 1992 (Goh & Gopinathan, 2008). secondary education provides high return at low cost. Academic secondary education sometimes seems still expensive and indirect to occupation, while vocational secondary education significantly increases the quality of workforce and the employment rate. Many poor countries with a scarcity of educational resource cannot afford to invest higher education. Therefore, secondary education may be the most cost-effective choice (Lutz et al, 2008; Goh & Gopinathan, 2008; Holsinger & Cowell, 2000). Tertiary education can play a vital role in the country’s development. However, only the appropriate policy of tertiary education can make great positive effect on the development. South Korea is a good case in point. The very important prerequisites whether the policy of the tertiary education is efficient and suitable is basis: average education level; economic level and so on. Before the Korea War (1950-1953), Korea’s industrialism had just started? (Sacad and Shaw, 1990). The military force not only interrupted the industrialism, but also damaged national economic seriously, remaining the fact that Korea’s per capita gross national product (GNP) was even less than that of the poorest countries, such as Sudan. At this circumstance, South Korean government decided to encourage the massive industries and to recover the nation economic (Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2008). To achieve the goal, in the early 1960s, South Korea needed a large number of generally skilled labour? to take part in the industrialism reforming, which was the main reason why the government focused on the development of primary and secondary education in this period of time, which are talked clearly in the last paragraph. Without a solid economic and education foundation, tertiary education can never make an obvious effect on the development. Almost meanwhile, the tertiary education started to grow although the enrolment was far less than that of primary and secondary education. There two reasons why the government didn’t pay too much attention to the tertiary education. First one was the nation’s GDP per was still too low to invest the tertiary education. Second one is that people at that time didn’t receive the universal basic education. Later in the early 1970s the export which focused on light manufacturing and electronic goods accelerated (Kim, 2005), which needed the certain skilled labour. However, the labour who had general education couldn’t match the reality, leading to the result that the government turned to emphasise on the vocational education (Kim, 2005). Developing the tertiary education to produce the adapted labour was urgent. However, because the production didn’t refer to much high-tech, the development of university remained slow while the vocational education greatly expanded. The labour who had received the vocational education helped relieve the talents shortage to support Economic sustainable development effectively. During 1960s-1970s, the nation economic grew rapidly. In mid-1970s-1980s, Korea’s major industry had become heavy and chemical industry and its main export had transformed kinds of like iron industry, shipyard, precision manufacture and so on (Kim, 2005). In this case, the problem of lacking of high-tech talents to support economic was becoming more serious, especially in the engineering and scientific areas. At this circumstance, when the vocational education can not meet the practical needs, the boom of university was inevitable. Hence, the government’s attention and investment in university education increased in the next decade. In addition, the private investment on university education also increased. With the encouraged policy, the universities developed rapidly during 1980s. A study shows, ‘ in the mid-1970s, there were more than 7% of high school graduate who enrolled into the university. Compared to other developed countied, Japan gained the goal in the 1950s, Taiwan in mid-1960s, and the U. S. in the 1930s ‘(Phelps et. Al, 2003; Hayhoe, 1995). It shows that developing the university education is the necessary way for every country which is determined to develop high-tech economic. Some studies point out the technology change which can improve the productivity will make obvious progress or facilitate some new product when the long-term growth is keeping more than 50%. With rapid development of information technology, the economic and social structure is changing day by day. Trade made a active effect in South Korea’s export-oriented economy and during 20th century it occurred many problems such as the freedom of the market. When the government noticed the various problems, they realized Korea should become a knowledge-based society and its economic should be the knowledge-based economic. Therefore, university concentrated on the informational technology, such as semiconductor, Information and communication technology, which made a huge progress during this period of time (Kim, 2005). Moreover, computer, cellular phone and memory chip were the major export product, which also showed the transformation of the economic segments. University education plays a more and more important role in the social transformation. The case of South Korea claims that when the general education is already comprehensively done, the appropriate investment and policy on tertiary education will show the effects on the development in an obvious way. The case of South Korea claims that when the general education is already comprehensively done, the appropriate investment and policy on tertiary education will show the effects on the development in an obvious way. In conclusion, primary education fully promotes economy and society in the poorest countries. In slight wealthier countries, secondary education leads to a leap of economy, and paves the way to further promotion. On a solid foundation of primary and secondary education, the developing countries will achieve considerable development with the help of tertiary education. When education is adapted to national conditions, it helps maximum of economic and social development. List of reference Brown, L. (2008) Plan B 3. 0: Mobilizing to save civilization. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Earth policy institute Steurer, Stephen J; Smith, Linda G (2003) Education reduces crime: Three-state Recidivism Study Plan (2008) Playing the Price[online], Available from:http://www. plan. org. au/mediacentre/publications/research/paying_the_price[07 Dec. 2010] Gupta, s. , Verhoeven,M. , Tiongson, E. R. (2004) Helping countries Develop: The role of Fiscal Policy Unicef (2005) Investing in the Children in the Islamic World http://www. unicef. org/pulications/files/Investing_Children_Islamic_World_full_e. pdf [07 Dec. 2010] Lutz, W.and Goujon, A. and KC, S. (2008) Education: the Key to Development. p. 12-15. [oline]. Available from: [9 October 2010] Goh, C. H. & Gopinathan, S. (2008) ‘The Development of Education in Singapore Since 1965’. In Lee, S. K, Goh, C. B, Fredrikson, and Birger (ed) Toward a Better Future: Education and Training for Economic Development in Singapore since 1965. The World Bank: 2008. p. 12-38 Holsinger, D. B. & Cowell, R. N. (2000) Positioning Secondary School Education in Developing Countries. Paris: December 2000. [Online] Available from: [22 October 2010] Kingombe, C. (2008) ‘Evaluating the Effects of Vocational Training in Africa’. OECD Development Centre Policy Insights. Paris: April 2008. P. 1-3 Encyclopedia of the Nations (2008) Balance of payments – Korea, Republic of (ROK) – export, growth, power [online]. Available from [8 Dec 2010] S, Kim and Ju-Ho Lee (2004) Changing Facets of Korean Higher Education: Market Competition and the Role of the State* [online] March 2004 Available from : [8 Dec 2010] Bloom, D. Canning, D. Chan, K. (2006) Higher Education and Economic Development in Africa. Washington D. C. Harvard University.

Morality of Management Earnings Essay

The term â€Å"Earnings Management† is a form of â€Å"number smoothing† used by a company’s management to manipulate or influence the company’s earnings to match a pre-determined dollar amount. This is done in an attempt to keep financials stable, as opposed to showing financial fluctuations. When a company appears to be stable it has a greater chance of attracting investors, which in turn demands higher share prices. When a company is able to have higher share prices, the more likely they are to draw new investors. Likewise, a company that has low share prices is often a reflection of a company that is not doing well financially (Investopedia, 2009, para 2). Often, companies perform abusive earnings management practices in an effort to â€Å"make the numbers† (Inevestopedia, 2009, para 4). In order to do this, management may be tempted to â€Å"make up† numbers as a means of drawing investors or to make their company appear financially stro nger than what it actually is. The methods used in earnings management can be varied, and may be done through manipulation of financial numbers or operating procedures (As cited by Gibson, 2013, p. 84). In a study conducted by the National Association of Accountants, a questionnaire was prepared which described 13 observed earnings management situations (As cited by Gibson, 2013, p. 83). Below are five listed generalizations that can be made by the study findings regarding short-term earnings management practices. 1. Respondents of the survey felt that earnings management practices utilizing accounting methods to be less acceptable than methods of operating procedure manipulation (As cited by Gibson, 2013, p. 84). Manipulation of operations can include something as simple as pushing shipping to the last day of the fiscal quarter or asking customers to take early delivery of goods (As cited by Gibson, 2013, p. 85). Another example is when companies make â€Å"Unusually  attractive terms to customers† or â€Å"Deferring necessary expenditures to a subsequent year† (Rosenzweig ; Fischer, 1994, para 5). According to survey responses, practitioners had fewer ethical dilemmas when using operational earnings management tactics compared to those involving accounting methods (Rosenzweig ; Fischer, 1994, para 7). 2. When it came to accounting, survey respondents felt that increasing earnings reports to be less acceptable than the decreasing of earnings reports (As quoted by Gibson, pg. 84). Managers appear to be more comfortable in reducing the overall company profit when reserves show elevated numbers (As cited by Gibson, p. 85). It would seem that management might assume that if their reserve numbers are high, then reducing them to show lessor profitability acceptable. If the money is genuinely there, then what is the harm in reducing the profit amount to meet a designated number? However, when it came to reporting profit increases, managers were hesitant in determining what earnings management methods would be ethical and which would not. 3. Generalization #3 is similar to generalization number two where ethics are concerned. Respondents felt that if earnings management tactics were kept small that it was more acceptable than if the effects were large (As cited by Gibson, p. 84). When manipulations of numbers or operating procedures are kept to smaller changes, managers seem to feel it more justifiable and acceptable. For instance, if management were asked to show an increase of sales by $12,000.00, such manipulations would be more ethical than if asked to increase sales by $120,000.00. Likewise, if production costs were delayed for advertising to meet a quarterly budget it would be more acceptable than if production costs for advertising were delayed to meet the end of year fiscal budget. This also ties in to generalization #4, the time period of the end effect. 4. Time periods play a large part in determining how ethical earnings management practices are. As described above, when asked to alter numbers or operating procedures in an effort to make quarterly forecasts, managers seemed to feel this practice to be more acceptable. When asked to alter numbers or operating procedures for annual reports, however, the line between ethical and questionable is blurred. 47% of respondents to the survey felt that earnings management practices that were made to meet an interim quarterly budget to be ethical, while only 41% felt that such manipulations in order to make an annual budget to be ethically sound (As  cited by Gibson, 2013, p. 85). 5. When asked whether it was acceptable to offer special extended credit terms to customers in an attempt to increase profits, only 43% of survey respondents felt the practice to be ethical. However, when asked if the same end result would be ethical if achieved through ordering overtime to ship as much product as possible at years-end, 74% of respondents felt this manipulation to be ethical (As cited by Gibson, 2013, p. 85). A staggering 80% of survey respondents felt that selling excess assets as a means of realizing a profit to be ethical, while only 16% felt it would be questionable (As cited by Gibson, 2013, p. 85). Short-term earnings management procedures, while questionable, are often legal. The alteration of financial information in an attempt to meet budgets or as a way to show profitability is often alluring and an â€Å"easy† way to draw investors. Managers who use earnings management tactics must take into consideration the impact such actions may have with key stakeholders (As cited by Gibson, 2013, p. 86). When numbers are skewed favorably, it gives stakeholders a false sense of security in their investments. Companies who engage in short-term earnings management practices often set themselves up for losses over time. When numbers are adjusted to make a quarterly or yearly dollar amount, chances are the following quarter will find the company in the negative. Such practices are rarely foolproof and care must be taken when making earnings management practice decisions. Focusing on long-term earnings management practices are ultimately more favorable, but in order to be effective management must remain committed to consistent operational procedures. Forecasting the product needs of customers and looking ahead are key strategies for keeping sales income at a consistent level. Waiting until the last minute to offer customers generous credit terms in an effort to boost end of year or quarterly sales is a short-term answer at best. Looking at the purchase history of customers and integrating theses sales number into future budgets should help alleviate the need to resort to last minute scrambling to make budget targets.

Akira Kurosawas Throne of Blood and Roman Polanskis Macbet Essays

Akira Kurosawas Throne of Blood and Roman Polanskis Macbet Essays Akira Kurosawas Throne of Blood and Roman Polanskis Macbet Paper Akira Kurosawas Throne of Blood and Roman Polanskis Macbet Paper Essay Topic: Literature This essay provides a detailed and critical analysis of act 1 scene 7 from Macbeth and then proceeds to examine Aikira Kurosawa and Roman Polanski interpretation of the scene through their respective filmic adaptations. This scene from Shakespeares play depicts how Macbeth muses on Duncans many good qualities, reflects that Duncan has been kind to him, and thinks that perhaps he ought not to kill his king. Lady Macbeth then enters and blows his hesitant thoughts away. She spurs Macbeth to treason by disregarding his rational, moral arguments and challenging his manhood. Under her persuasion, all of Macbeths objections seem to evaporate. (SparkNotes Editors). This scene had several functions; firstly, it shows that Macbeth possesses moral order since in the first part of the scene, he actually acknowledges that Duncan has been good to him and he should dismiss the plan of killing Duncan; secondly, it touches upon the idea of women as a source of evil since it was lady Macbeth who persuades Macbeth to kill Duncan even though he has made up his mind not to kill Duncan; thirdly, it also touches upon the relationship between masculinity and cruelty as Lady Macbeth constantly challenges Macbeths manhood while persuading him to kill Duncan. All these ideas are addressed and/or hinted in both Aikira Kurosawa and Roman Polanskis films. However, how they represent these ideas is subject to much scrutiny and interpretation and will be examined with specific focus on their choice of mise-en-sci ne, editing and acting craft. The idea of moral order can be found in Macbeths soliloquy, which is in Act 1, scene 7, lines 1-28, where he debates whether he should kill Duncan. When he lists Duncans good qualities (he [h]ath borne his faculties so meek) and the loyalty that he feels towards his king (I am his kinsman and his subject), we are reminded of just how evil it is for them to slaughter their king while he is a guest in their house. Macbeths fear that [w]e still have judgement here, that we but teach / Bloody instructions which, being taught, return / To plague thinventor, foreshadows the way that his deeds will eventually come back to haunt him. Here, he reveals his awareness that he may be initiating a cycle of violence that will eventually destroy him. The imagery in this speech is dark-we hear of bloody instructions, deep damnation, and a poisoned chalice-and this suggests that Macbeth is aware of how the murder would open the door to a sinful world. He knows what he does is wrong, and he recognizes that there will surely be consequences. At the same time, he admits that his only reason for committing murder, ambition, suddenly seems an insufficient justification for the act. We see that Macbeth is not a good man at this point in the play, but he is not yet an evil one-he is tempted, and he tries to resist temptation. Macbeths resistance, however, is not vigorous enough to stand up to his wifes ability to manipulate him. Women as a source of evil is an idea commonly explored in Elizabethans plays. Macbeth traces the root of chaos and evil to women, which has led some critics to argue that this is Shakespeares most misogynistic play. While the male characters are just as violent and prone to evil as the women, the aggression of the female characters is more striking because it goes against prevailing expectations of how women ought to behave. (Sparknotes Editors). In the second part of this scene, we see how Lady Macbeth manipulates and provokes Macbeth to commit murder even when he had already decided not to. She uses various ways to make Macbeth agree with her. She uses emotional blackmail, coupled with her femininity by saying she will not love him anymore: From this time such I account thy love. She knows that he loves her deeply and uses this against him. She then insults his masculinity by saying, Letting I dare not wait upon I would like the poor cat i the adage? Here, she is calling him a wimp and a scaredy cat. She totally insulted him by comparing him to the cat that wants the fish but doesnt want to get his paws wet. She uses foul phrases with appalling imagery such as telling Macbeth that while she was breast feeding her baby she would: while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out, had I so sworn you had done to this. She tries to come over as very menacing and heartless at this point in the play, making a point of the fact that if she had promised to kill her own child she would do so. The role of women at the time when Shakespeare wrote this play was that women were mothers and supported their husbands, their main role would be to look after the home. A Shakespearian audience would be appalled that Lady Macbeth is neither and that she even threatens a life of a child. She describes the plan to murder him in graphic detail. She convinces Macbeth that her plan will work. If Lady Macbeth hadnt been in the picture, then undoubtedly Macbeth wouldnt have murdered the King. Therefore, this play, particular this scene, exemplifies how women are a source of evil and how manipulative women can get. Act 1 scene 7 of Polanskis version of Macbeth begins at 0:28:52, where the feasting and merriment with the king happens in Macbeths castle. Macbeth, unwisely, has left the table and is contemplating the deed that lies ahead of him, he is so engrossed by the conflict in his head that he misses the Kings toast this action is not in the original play but does highlight his self-doubt. The scene then shifts to a hallway outside the castle where Macbeth is thinking about whether he should murder the king. Polanski chooses to shoot this scene where in the backgroud, a storm is happening. The thunder, lightning and heavy rain reflects the internal unrest of Macbeth, where his evil thoughts are struggling with his moral order. As Macbeth is in deep thought in 0:29:45, half of his face is litted up while the other half of his face is not. The light is shot from the left of macbeth. The litted half of his face reflects the moral order present in him while the darker side of his face represents the evil thoughts. Lady Macbeth then comes into the scene to see why Macbeth has left the banquet table. He then tells her he is fully determined not to continue with the plan. In the background we hear Fleance singing a sweet ballad which contrasts greatly with the evil manipulative words of Lady Macbeth. This emphasizes the idea of women as a source of evil doings even more. Lady Macbeth then attacks Macbeth manhood and describes him as coward. Macbeth is very offended by this. Lady Macbeth also uses her soft femininity to win him over and begins to cry. Now we no longer here the sweet voice of Fleance instead we here the fast paced music of the sword dance by Duncans two male chamberlains. The two male chamberlains dance around the swords. This emphasizes the relationship between masculinity and murder/ killing. Kurosawas adaptation of Macbeths Act 1 Scene 7 is very different from Polanskis version. It is very much different from the orginal shakespeares play script too. I will be taking the scenes 0:34:58 to 0:36:36 and 0:39:24 to 0:41:55 to analyze. From 0:34:54 to 0:36:36, the scene is shot in a small room with Washizu (Macbeth) telling Asaji (Lady Macbeth) to put her heart as ease as the King (already present in his place) has absolute trust in him and has given him a high position. Previously, Asaji has planted alot of doubts in Washizus thoughts about the king and Miki. In this scene, however, Asaji is still able to continue planting bad thoughts into Washizus head. This film adaptation is in the noh theater, a form of japanese musical drama. Asajis face is painted and she acted like she had the noh mask on with her expressionless face. Th noh mask portrays the female character and in this case, also portrays a nonhuman (witch) character, since she is so evil. This scene emphasizes the idea that women are a source of evil and trouble even more than the Polanskis version. In Polanskis version, we still see Lady Macbeth, crying, using her femininity to persuade Macbeth to commit the crime. In Kurosawas adaptation, we see that Asaji seldom look into the eyes of Washizu and she never shed a tear. She talks with much calm, showing that her words alone are enough to manipulate Washizu. She doesnt even have to resort to using her feminine features to help her. In conclusion, the ideas of moral order, women as a source of evil and the relationship between masculinity and murder are found in the play script and the two film adaptations.