Explore the idea of historical embeddedness in The Brief Wondrous Life Research Paper

Explore the idea of historical embeddedness in The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao - Research write up ExampleThe narrator therefore wonders if writing this novel is his make way of saying zafa. Every body seems to be cursed The first chapter, which happens in 1974 to1987 in Paterson, details Oscars childhood and early adolescence. For one week when he is seven, Oscar dates two girls, Olga and Maritza, at the same period. However, the threesome momentarily falls apart and the spiritedness of Oscar goes downhill from then onwards. In adolescence, he was fat, dorky, and unattractive. His interest in Genre creates him even more unattractive, and his only true friends are Miggs and Al. Oscars sister Lola endeavor to encourage him to lose weight to be more masculine for him to land a girlfriend, but Oscar does not regard their advice. When Miggs and Al find girlfriends and purposely dessert him out, Oscar realizes that they even contemplate that he is a failure. Oscar goes to Santo Domingo to visit Nena Inca, and starts writing science fiction as a channel. When Oscar returns he finds a girl called Ana Obregon at sit down prep class, instantly falling in love with her. Oscar and Ana become good friends, but never physically intimately attached. Eventually Anas boyfriend named Manny returns from an soldiers mission and Ana stops having time with Oscar. Afterward, Oscar goes to Rutgers for college. He hopes life in college may be different, but in there, he realizes that still he is a loser. Oscar, the share who collects the novel together, justly perceives himself as a doubly marginalized figure. A Dominican-American boy growing up in Paterson during the 80s, he is hampered by counter-stereotypical nerdiness in addition to problems of racism and social class. Bashful, precocious, and overweight, Oscar is well versed in Marvel comics and Japanimation lore. His ambition is to write a space fictional. A Dominican accent manipulates Wilde into Wao wile in colle ge. Yunior (Solis 49), his college roomy and best friend, does not quite apprehend Oscar, however loves him and sees that there something is within Oscar that needs to be known. As the key narrator of the story, Yunior provides a loving limning of a tortured person within a tortured family. Redemption of Oscar brief wondrous life manifests at a momentous, but justified, price. Told from the viewpoint of Oscars sister Lola with his best friend Yunior, the story of the search for revitalization leads the reader through some of the darkest junctions of a country under severe dictatorial control. Lola pursues her own redemption, far away from her family, particularly her mother and her heritage. She only loves her younger brother Oscar and seeks protecting him from the curse which is tragically affecting their family. Saying that Hapatia Belicia was born to hard date of reference would be an understatement. Belis mother died when she was only two months old, never met her father, hel d by her sisters a few times before they disappeared too, and spent no time in Casa Hatuey. Beli had multiple things sailing against her from the beginning of her pathetic life. She was born sick and underweight, at a time and environment where it would be difficult for any newborn to stomach with her accompanied situation. She was also dark skinned, a reason that made her fathers family to absolutely dislike anything to do with her. At this juncture, her life is saved unambiguously by a single woman

Evaluating Websites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluating Websites - Essay ExampleIt is a very motivating website for the kids of pit 1 and grade 2 and it is sure to intrigue them. There are several mathematical concepts that have been described very well on this website and the like dejection be incorporated from this website. It will simply things for the young students.This website is ideal for grade 2 and grade 3 students and it is little modernistic than the first website, it dialog about noble prize, flags of different countries, various animals and a host of other stuff. The special feature about this website is its trivia it is intriguing and makes learning very easy. It can teach the students a sess and hence it should be shown to the students in order to ensure that the students learn a lot of new concepts.This is a very advanced level website and it can even be shown to the 5th grade students, it offers a lot of help on subjects like math, science, social studies. It also provides a lot of information on computer s, this adds to the utility of this website. The other websites mentioned above dont offer much help on computers but this website is different and hence it should be shown to the students.This website is very utilizable when it comes to learning English, it offers a variety of stories to choose from. All the stories have intriguing pictures on them and this is a good way of luring the students to read these stories. This website can of good hire to the students, this will surely make their language skills sharper and better than never before. This is why this website essential be used in the class. Grade5 Kids.YahooLink http//kids.yahoo.com/science caseful ScienceThis is another very interesting website and certainly the most matured of all the other websites. This website throws light upon concepts like the movement of planets and other related material. It should be shown in the class in order to explain abstruse concepts and in order to make the students understand those abst ruse concepts easily. This website has a lot to offer and it must be shown to the students in order to ensure that they learn new concepts with interest.

The Roles of Women Essay Example for Free

The Roles of Women shewHistory tends to present the accessible advances made by women as a conduct of progress itself up as the result of a process in which, in any grapheme, women do not keep back influenced. However, the reconstruction of history shows that women have achieved tender gains only where and when it has been women fighting and starring those conquests. They were the struggles of many women, aloneowing us to enjoy rights today in the genuinely near past were denied. While not deviate the societies in which we live, will basically claims and successes of the women who allow further progress on equating. Women, like men, have positions and attitudes very different governmental and ideological because they have very different inte ends, but as human beings have a common set of rights ranging from the right to work, freedom of expression, to participate actively in politics, to study, and also to the well-deserved rest after long days of work, the right to leisure, culture and recreational aspects. Ridiculing the issues affecting womens rights is a strategy that has always worked the most immobile of golf-club.Read moreEssay Ab aside Role of Women in Modern SocietyOften, many of the problems women have been problems invisible from the double day (at work and at home) to the so-called glass jacket (no explicit barrier often find women to reach positions managers in public and private companies). The fact of trying to keep women hidden at home has been a way to keep it hidden. What is not there. But the red-hot woman, a woman with rights, has come forward just to go to work outside the home and to give way to demand what belongs to without feeling bad about it, in short, be individuals who act accordingly.What is happening right now in the feminist movement raises a act of considerations first, feminism is currently visible mainly in academia, in research and in the statement of social reassign, but more sparingly in the opinion public. As a social movement, app arntly is not very active. However, women are coming forward and in many countries there have been significant advances in recent years. The main cause for this to happen is that education is necessary, and in most developed countries is reaching not only compare in higher educational levels, it is being d unrivaled more fruitful tilization degrees. The process that the female gender is suffering for years is so unstoppable that most of the public has assumed that this is one of the main drivers of social change today. Changes made to achieve formal equating and affirmative action to advance true equality have been useful tools for the equality of women. But my motion is this analysis of social change and equality is correct?Despite this, it is the female role that has suffered the most key changes in recent decades. Today, until now in developing countries, we see a more empowered woman who is gaining ground in the workplace and political. Ho wever, to redefine the role of women, what happens to the male role? On the other hand, man has maintained a passive stance in this process of change, it is hoped that things will happen and today we speak of a masculinity in crisis. Speaking of the new male, less all powerful and more sensitive, is not easy.Generates some scary to think how important issues such as live new parenthood, new sexuality, etc.. But it was not just the fault of man be lagging behind in this way. The main problem is that we are, as a society, unavailing to integrate it into the discourse of new social roles in a positive, constructive and actionable. However, from a total inequality, perceived as logical and long assumed by women themselves have come to the current situation in which there is formal equality but social reality is quite different.To get to talk blackjack cytosine, we must take into account what has been the evolution of the history that has brought us to where we are now In the Middle Ages, in the midst of the ninth and thirteenth centuries creates sociostinting and political structure known by the name of feudalism. The woman was in a very adverse legal situation as it was grade to men, their role, at this time, is more active than in later periods. The noble woman devoted primarily to the care of the mansion, said to the servants, handles and serves delicacies, sporadically, the education of young children. The religious women The monasteries undertakeed a very useful role in the Middle Ages as they were the daughters shelter did not marry, only way to access other culture and solution for women who were not out to poor frugalal situation. Rural women Regardless of marital status, rural women had to work to earn their livelihood and that of his sharing this activity with the housework. Women in cities In the eleventh century begins fight of women in female occupations that develop in the boroughs.In times of economic expansion, the woman had access to w ork without problems, although charged lower wages. During the thirteenth century, womens participation is essential in the garment trades and in the production and sale of food, beverages, leather and metal. While medieval trade and industry were open to women, at the end of this time, when the economic crisis is intensifying, there were significant labor restrictions, were expelled from the guilds and were denied the opportunity to organize, a situation that worsened in later centuries. The Modern Age is a period of profound change that will constitute the foundation of the modern world. The consolidation of the bourgeois class was the largest commitment of women to household chores, they are closing the doors and were devoted more to the internal station of the house, which runs parallel to the exclusion of institutional work, while the man was increasingly responsible for family support. Women participated in small numbers in the prolific activity of the cities and working, mo stly, were working as maids.Some trades, traditional women are usurped by men and worsen working conditions. Already in the seventeenth century, when it occurs pre-industrial revolution takes place a shift of women to productive sectors marginal. But not all the facts of history have a higher meaning. The French Revolution with the liquidation of the old regime, not only reached the abolition of the French monarchy and the disappearance of titles of nobility, but involves a major change to European civilization. They start making demands and protests by the subordination of women to men.The nineteenth century is characterized by the existence of profound changes in the areas ideological, economic and social, that affect an essential for women, and that fall logically into the major changes taking place in human society, as a result of crises social causes industrial revolution. Specifically, stands the great transfer that occurs in the agricultural sector to the industrial sector, w hich results in greater inequality in the conditions of life and work of the female creation as a whole. Begins at the end of this century, the struggle for access to the professions and higher education.Also, women are the first trade unions, by the refusal to admit women in the male. Leagues were established in several countries in Europe and the United States but eventually the female unionism was absorbed by the tendency to integrate women into male labor organizations. Importantly, from the encourage half of the nineteenth century, began to be considered the work of women as an instrument of social mobility and not as a temporary solution to help the family in their economic situation. This is what makes the male role, that is, the old ancient society begins to fade and begins to generate a gender equality.Having delved into the history of the advancement of women and minor male leadership, we ask the following question What will be the role of women in the ideal state, ie i n the society in which we live? For Plato, the ideal city men and women are prepare to perform the same functions as long as they are of the same education. But Socrates asks whether men and women can perform the same tasks considering having different natures. That is, the process of social change for women who have been seeing throughout the trial, remains stalled due to differences between men and women.For years, man is regarded as superior to women. At present these power traffic or traffic of domination / subordination have been separated from everyday life. This will make a new act of violence against women, in this cuticle by default, to remove or make invisible power dealings that exist in other areas, for example in private life to bang that women are located in the crossroads between production and reproduction, between economic activity and the care and attention of human beings and therefore between economic rowth and human development. Gender Theory clearly state s that the power relations are presented in all areas of society, which places them both in public life and in private. It crosses the verge and light a candle for analyzing relationships in the field of the daily life of the couple and the family.However, despite the development of concepts and relations of power hat has been achieved since feminism is close up little knowledge we have about the realization of these relations domination / subordination in private life and the factors that may eventually affect to set off these relationships. Although it is argued that power relations in those involved are not entirely without power, not broken down what the powers that women have rather deepened in their roles as subordinate and falls almost victimization, which prevents display his powers, though limited, to rethink these relationships.The power relations that developed in capitalistic society was patriarchal domination / subordination between genders. From the society we live corresponds to a capitalist patriarchal society, we assume that the power relationships that develop are of domination / subordination of male over female. As these relationships are given at all levels of society in the areas of private life and public life. Dominion powers are social, collective and personal, exploit and oppress allow individuals and groups and all types of communities.For Foucault power is a balance of power, and extends saying that power is not a form but a strength. As the force is never singular, since its main lark is to be in relationship with other forces, so that its all relative strength, ie power. In this relation of force men develop relations of oppression while women respond subordination situation that occurs at macro and micro level of public life and the private life.These relationships domination / subordination are complemented by factors such as Foucault posed in the sense that power is not essentially repressive (since incites, inspires, prod uces) is exercised rather than possessed happens dominated by both as dominant. This statement (of which power relations are productive) is challenged by feminist theory, in the sense that productivity is positive if measured from the parameters as defined by patriarchal society, but not for half of the population that responds to relations of domination with subordination, as a form of response that has been imposed.So to the extent that the interest in the lolly and social control are inextricably linked, patriarchate and capitalism will be a comprehensive process With these statements we can conclude that the ideas of men and women to equality is different, in addition to current society inequality parked public to the private sphere, using capitalism patriarchal power and this in turn is hardened by the needs of capital.Throughout, the paper confirms that the starting point that the power relations are marked by patriarchal society. Power relationships involving dependence of those involved, because they are pressure to interact with each other, some have what others do not have, the relationships that occur in a family are dependent, depends both man of the contribution of women in the housework, as the woman of the man brings resources to the financial support of the family.When given a lot of value to the economic contribution of man as breadwinner, and based on this the relations of domination / subordination experienced by women in patriarchal society, is falling into several traps play the invisibility of productive work ignore that power relations involved who have some kind of power, and replicate the model of society in which it is something that can be assessed monetarily. Reproductive work in capitalist patriarchy is the quintessential way in which society oppresses and becomes invisible to women.Given this historical bureau of men over women, we find an author, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, who writes a novel which describes an isolated case o f a society composed exclusively of women, which reproduce by parthenogenesis and where the result is an order social ideal, without war, conflict and domination. Does this benefit the equality of women?In capitalist patriarchal society women have the hidden power which is the other side of legitimate power. As discussed in this essay, the power relations that develop in the patriarchal society dependence involve their participants.It has raised the vital dependence of the woman husbands income, but does not consider the dependence, also vital, that man has the services provided by women of reproductive work. In the traditional family woman exchanged domestic services, care and care of children and a number of tasks, for financial support and protection of the husband. According to one of the streams of feminism, the main(a) objective of this movement was and remains The creation of a truly common space to men and women are used to achieve equality theories.But this equality must b e seen as equal rights, not equal identities, which otherwise will benefit of existing male identity. Must make room for the play of differences, individual or collective. Feminist theory proposes building egalitarian relationships, and therefore no power relations between people, but on the basis of that society must create the conditions for everyone to exercise its power to develop their individual capacities, not dominate or subordinate to another.By accepting that power relationships are of dominance / subordination and therefore are two sides of the same reality, overcome these relations involves building cooperative relations, which we will be leaving in the past or dominating or being dominated. To build this world, you must know, visualize and appreciate the female culture that emphasizes the values of cooperation, interdependence, consideration and expressive relationships, instead of instrumental relationships. thus could transform the hierarchical structure of society.

Nicodemus and samaritan woman Essay Example for Free

Nicodemus and samaritan woman EssayNicodemus and samaritan woman BY wtxY16 Summarize, explain and comp atomic number 18 the meeting of rescuer with Nicodemus in John chapter 3 with his meeting with the woman at the well in John chapter 4. Introduction In the fourth gospel John we atomic number 18 told about when Jesus has both encounters with two completely different people and he talks to them about God and himself. He teaches them about spiritual piddle and how he is the messiah.Im going to talk about these two meetings and compare them with bingle a nonher to see the differences and the imilarities between the two. Jesus and Nicodemus, The meeting with Jesus and Nicodemus is a genuinely interesting one to say the least because Nicodemus is seen to be a very high up Jewish leader, Nicodemus was a member of a very weighty Jewish group known as the Sanhedrin which is like a council but for Jews Oewish council).The Sanhedrin was in fact in the end of Jesuss vitality was a ctually responsible for Jesuss death, which makes it grade of ironic because Jesus is a Jew. Nicodemus wanted to speak to Jesus in private so they rranged a visit in the dark which instantly shows us that Nicodemus doesnt want to be seen with Jesus because he is a member of the Sanhedrin, its as if he is hiding some niceg or frightened about what people will thin if they see him talking to Jesus.The fact Nicodemus goes to Jesus at night makes him a very interesting person as it makes us question why he sees Jesus at night and not in the day its as if he doesnt have faith in Jesus or believes he is let out than everyone else and has a higher knowledge of faith because Nicodemus was a teacher of the Jewish law so is an cademic therefore he can not be seen by others talking to Jesus as he has a higher authority.Jesus state to Nicodemus that he was born again which Nicodemus misunderstood because he is thinking with the melodic theme because he is an academic he isnt thinking with th e spirit or the heart, which is what Jesus is implying and trying to get across. The talk ends with Nicodemus leaving in the darkness of the night not understanding who Jesus really is because his academic view cant grasp the hidden meaning that Jesus is portraying. Jesus and the Samaritan woman at the well.Jesus was sit down by a well on a hot day this Samaritan woman came to get some water out of the well, which is weird because no one gets water at the hottest point of the day it suggests that she is lonely or an outcast a sinner. Jesus asked the woman for a drink but she wouldnt give him a drink because Jesus was a Jew and she was a Samaritan. They hate each other. Jesus offered another kind of water to the woman this time it was spiritual water and she said give me that water so I wont go thirsty.Jesus reveals what the woman nas through wrong she has had five husbands and for this the other Samaritans do not tolerate her and she has become isolated because of this. This sows us that she is not a very religious person as she has sinned legion(predicate) times and she know what her sins are which makes her interesting as she becomes a changed woman as Jesus changes her by providing her with spiritual water which makes her realize actually who Jesus really is. Jesus said I am he the messiah.The woman runs off to get other people to see the messiah. The woman is important as it shows us how even though she has committed many sins and has done wrong she is looking for forgiveness and she finds it threw Jesus who shows her the way. Jesuss meeting with Nicodemus and the Samaritan woman are quite different but shows us how the people who know they are good dont always find the answer its the people who lack the faith and believe and dont believe they are good who find the answer.This is shown clearly between the two Nicodemus and the woman because Nicodemus who is part of the Sanhedrin is a very intelligent guy and knows hat he is, doesnt get his life changed by Jesus because he is thinking with the idea not spiritually because he is intelligent, whereas as the woman has committed many sins in her life and is seeking forgiveness and doesnt know she is good. Even though she hasnt done what god asked and has sinned she is the one that understands out of the two who Jesus really is.You wouldnt expect that from a sinner which make it interesting. The Samaritan woman speaks to Jesus in the light at the hottest time of day its as if she knows what she has done and is a wear other people know and herefore she has got nothing to hide whereas Nicodemus talks to Jesus in the darkness in the Darkness which suggests there is something we dont know about him, like he is hiding something a truth he doesnt want us to know.Even though he is more religious than the Samaritan woman. The Samaritan womans life is instantly changed but Nicodemuss isnt in fact we dont know if he ever did change. The woman is open in life and is a waiting the messiah to cle anse her whereas Nicodemus is more reserved and thinks he knows it all he comes across as arrogant.

It Is a Constant Image of Your Face Essay Example for Free

It Is a Constant Image of Your Face EssayDennis Vincent Brutus was a South African activist, educator, diary keeper and poet best known for his campaign to have apartheid South Africa banned from the Olympic Games. He lived between 28th November 1924 and 26th December 2009. He was born in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and had ancestry of mixed French, Italian and South African. His activist life managens him to a crusader for his country. A knight on duty for a mistress and this has so often appeared in his poetry. He get byd South Africa deeply and did everything to win its freedom. In this poem, It Is the Constant Image of Your Face, he closes the first stanza by formulation my land takes precedence of all my loves. This was his passion. While he was in prison, news broke that South Africa had been banned from the 1964 Tokyo Olympics as he had campaigned for. First Thoughts on the Poem In this poem, the poet experiences a deep feeling of guilt and remorse. The poet has framed an reach of his beloved whose face is constantly before him, while he is engross in a world of his own a world in which thoughts are analogous knives, hurling accusations at him.These accusations cut deeply into the poets mind and remind him of his treachery to his native country. Apparently, the poet has left his native home, having been captivated by the beauty and assurances of his beloved. However, deep in his heart he knows that no other love can lay claim to his loyalty but his homeland which is above all other loves. Feelings of remorse and guilt plague the thoughts of the poet. To him, leaving his country is like an act of imposture and treachery. Although he prizes his beloved, he invokes for forgiveness from his country whose tenderness matches or surpasses that of the beloved.Second Thoughts on the Poem This poem is a typical Dennis Brutus poem. As is characteristic, he compares his love for South Africa, to the love he has for some other person. Maybe, a woman He opens the poem by dictum the constant image (line 1) of his womans face and the grave attention (line 3) of her eyes which survey him amid his world of knives (line 4), accuse him perennially. This is all coming to him as a memory because in line 2, he makes the allusion to a period g genius when his love was knelt before him with the frame of her face in his hands.His world of knives can mean so umteen things at once. It could mean that Brutus was surrounded by apartheid South Africa with its numerous brutalities. It could also mean that he was conflicted inside him, in a way that struck him like many knives piercing at once. Again, he could be talking about the conflict between his two loves as the poem tells us as we run down on. And we are yet to know what she accuses him for, but Brutus doesnt make us wonder long. She accuses him of hearts-treachery (line 6). No, not even accuses but convictsHe has accepted that he has been treacherous to his woman, going on to probably share his love with another. But he does not apologise for it. He tells her that n one and only(a) of the two of them can plead excuses (line 7) for his seeming infidelity because apparently, he cannot stop his love for his land and she can also claim no loyalty (line 8). I want to risk saying that he is saying that hes not bound to be loyal to her because my land takes precedence of all my loves (line 9). He loves his land much than all his other loves. His land is his womans rival.The second stanza is an attempt to pacify the heart of his woman who has been brought to the saddening realisation that she cannot have her lover all to herself. He begs relief (line 10), meaning that he admits that he has done wrong but is ready to give reasons for it. He calls her lover an accomplice of my heart (line 11). That is like saying that she is evenly guilty of his betrayal of his greater love. The woman is so beautiful that she has blackmailed him with her beauty (line 12) and made him a backslidd en lover when it comes to his land.He has given his heart to another one outside his precedent love. In fact, her love for him has been so sweet and protective that he finds no shame in confessing his denial of his country. He calls it a still-fresh treason (line 15). But in this confused place, a world of knives, he pleads, hopes (line 16) that his dearest love (line 16), South Africa, will pardon him freely (line 17) and not blame his woman. He ends by revealing more of his confusion, saying that South Africa, his first love, is his womans mistress (or your match) (line 18), not knowing which to say is more tender.He loves one, he loves the other. One was able to conspire with his heart and steal his affection from the other, and now he does not even know whether the two are matched or one is dearer to his heart. The greater emotion here is Brutus guilt of diluting the apartheid struggle with other cares. His love of his land is shown here overwhelmingly. This poem is another beau ty that has added a little more tonnage to my love for this most romantic of poets coming from Africa.

Application of Carbon Nanotubes

Application of Carbon NanotubesI will be examining and discussing atomic number 6 nanotubes and the application within industry, I will look at the invoice and manufacture of snow nanotubes. I will Examine and discuss their chemical and physical properties and how these properties make them useful in a wide range of applications.The floor of carbon nanotubes is not entirely clear even for those in the science therefore giving proper credit to the person that invented the carbon nanotube has been the put forward of several high tech debates among the scientific communities. The initial history of nanotubes started in the 1970s. A preparation of the planned carbon filaments was completed by Morinobu Endo who was earning his Ph.D. at the University of Orleans, France. The outgrowth of these carbon filaments were initially thought to be the freshman carbon nanotubes. However, they failed to meet the measurement requirements for width and thusly were deemed, eventually, barrelenes . This was still a highly important cultivation in the history of carbon nanotubes, but it just wasnt the right time to be considered the first recognized invention. Giving the proper credit to who invented carbon nanotubes would not come along for another 20 years. In 1991 the true first invention of nanotube was finally made. It seems as though there was a raceway between Russian nanotechnologists and Sumio Iijima of IBM. The first observation of the multiwall carbon nanotubes was credited to Iijima. There atomic number 18 some that hold the belief that in the 1950s there was an initial disco rattling of what could flip possibly been seen as the first carbon nanotubes had Roger Bacon had the high powered electron microscope that would have been necessary. He was credited with the first visual picture of the tubes of atoms that roll up and are capped with fullerene molecules by many scientists in the field. Some state that his discovery just wasnt taken very seriously at the t ime because science did not know how this discovery could impact scientific research.It would be in 1993 that Iijima and Donald Bethune found ace walled nanotubes known as buckytubes. This helped the scientific fraternity make more sense out of not provided the potential for nanotube research, but the use and existence of fullerenes. With this information, the complete discovery of carbon nanotubes was accomplished and Iijima and Bethune were ultimately credited with their discovery in their entirety. Russian nanotechnologists were independently discovering the same visual affirmation. They were just a little bit later in their annunciation and the potential effect of this discovery.While Roger Bacon might not have been completely aware of the impact his discovery had on the scientific world, he is technically the first scientist to discover these hollow tubes of carbon that are changing lives on a daily basis. Since the initial rediscovery of the nanotubes in 1991, who discover ed carbon nanotubes is no longer as important as who nooky come up with the most practical applications.DefinitionCarbon nanotubes are large molecules of pure carbon that are long and thin and do like tubes, about 1-3 nanometres (1 nm = 1 billionth of a meter) in diameter, and hundreds to thousands of nanometres long.A carbon nanotube (CNT) is a miniature cylindrical carbon bodily structure that has hexagonal graphite molecules attached at the edges. Nanotubes look like a powder or black soot, but theyre actually rolled-up sheets of graphene that form hollow strands with walls that are only one atom thick. Nanotubes, which are sometimes called buckytubes, were developed from the Fullerene, a structure that is similar to the geodesic domes.Nanotubes can be characterized by their number of concentrical cylinders, cylinder radius and cylinder length. Some nanotubes have a property called chirality, an expression of longitudinal twisting. Multiple nanotubes can be assembled into mic roscopic mechanical systems called nanomachines.ShapesAlthough carbon nanotubes are strong, they are not brittle. They can be bent, and when released, they will spring back to their original shape.One type of carbon nanotube has a cylindrical shape with open ends.Another type of nanotube has closed ends, formed by some of the carbon atoms combining into pentagons on the end of the nanotube. Figure 3.2 A carbon nanotube with closed endsCarbon nanotubes can occur as multiple concentric cylinders of carbon atoms, called multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCTs). Logically enough, carbon nanotubes that have only one cylinder are called single-walled carbon nanotubes.Three orientations are possible armchair, zigzag, and chiral.Figure 3.3 The tierce possible orientations of CNTsChemical PropertiesCarbon nanotubes are polymers of pure carbon, and thus possess all of carbons versatility, including the might to form countless combinations and derivatives. In addition, carbon nanotubes are dire ct beneficiaries of the rich history and vast body of knowledge associated with carbon chemistry. Consequently, carbon nanotubes can be functionalized in countless ways using a variety of well-understood chemical reactions. In addition, the geometry of a nanotube allows for the formation of smart synthetic structures not possible with other carbon structures. Carbon nanotubes can be derived both covalently, in which other molecules being bonded to the nanotube share an electron with the tube, and non-covalently, in which the other molecule simply adheres to the carbon nanotubes sidewall, providing a nano-scale coating of the carbon nanotube. Because the carbon nanotube sidewalls are electrically polarizable, polar molecules can slowly adhere to their surfaces. When molecules adhere even non-covalently to the carbon nanotube surface, they often cause subtle changes in the electronic structure of the tubes. Such changes can be considerably detected, making carbon nanotubes exquisit ely sensitive chemical sensors. An important aspect of non-covalent derivatization is the association of surfactants with the carbon nanotube surface, enabling them to be suspended in water. personal PropertiesElectricalThere has been considerable practical interest in the conductivity of CNTs. CNTs with particular combinations of N and M (structural parameters indicating how much the nanotube is twisted) can be highly conducting, and hence can be said to be metallic. Their conductivity has been shown to be a function of their chirality (degree of twist), as well as their diameter. CNTs can be all metallic or semi-conducting in their electrical demeanour. Conductivity in MWNTs is quite complex. Some types of armchair-structured CNTs appear to conduct better than other metallic CNTs. Furthermore, interwall reactions within MWNTs have been found to redistribute the current over individualist tubes non-uniformly. However, there is no change in current across different parts of metal lic single-walled CNTs. However, the behaviour of ropes of semi-conducting SWNTs is different, in that the transport current changes abruptly at various positions on the CNTs. The conductivity and immunity of ropes of SWNTs has been measured by placing electrodes at different parts of the CNTs. The resistivity of the SWNT ropes was in the order of 10-4 ohm-cm at 27C. This means that SWNT ropes are the most conductive carbon fibres known. The current density that was possible to achieve was 107 A/cm2, however in theory the SWNT ropes should be able to sustain much higher stable current densities, as high as 1013 A/cm2. It has been reported that individual SWNTs may contain defects. Fortuitously, these defects allow the SWNTs to act as transistors. Likewise, joining CNTs together may form transistor-like devices. A nanotube with a natural junction (where a straight metallic section is joined to a chiral semiconducting section) behaves as a rectifying diode that is, a half-transisto r in a single molecule. It has also of late been reported that SWNTs can route electrical signals at high speeds (up to 10 GHz) when used as interconnects on semi-conducting devices.Strength and elasticityThe carbon atoms of a single (graphene) sheet of graphite form a planar honeycomb lattice, in which each atom is connected via a strong chemical bond to three neighbouring atoms. Because of these strong bonds, the basal-plane elastic modulus of graphite is one of the largest of any known material. For this reason, CNTs are expected to be the ultimate high-strength fibres. SWNTs are stiffer than steel, and are very resistant to impose on _or_ oppress from physical forces. Pressing on the tip of a nanotube will cause it to bend, but without damage to the tip. When the force is removed, the tip returns to its original state. This property makes CNTs very useful as probe tips for very high-resolution scanning probe microscopy. Quantifying these effects has been rather difficult, and an exact numerical value has not been agreed upon. apply an atomic force microscope (AFM), the unanchored ends of a freestanding nanotube can be pushed out of their equilibrium position and the force required to push the nanotube can be measured. The current Youngs modulus value of SWNTs is about 1 TeraPascal, but this value has been disputed, and a value as high as 1.8 Tpa has been reported. Other values importantly higher than that have also been reported. The differences probably arise through different experimental measurement techniques. Others have shown theoretically that the Youngs modulus depends on the size and chirality of the SWNTs, ranging from 1.22 Tpa to 1.26 Tpa. They have figure a value of 1.09 Tpa for a generic nanotube. However, when working with different MWNTs, others have noted that the modulus measurements of MWNTs using AFM techniques do not strongly depend on the diameter. Instead, they betoken that the modulus of the MWNTs correlates to the amount of dis order in the nanotube walls. Not surprisingly, when MWNTs break, the outermost layers break first.Thermal ConductivityNew research from the University of Pennsylvania indicates that CNTs may be the outstrip heat-conducting material man has ever known. Ultra-small SWNTs have even been shown to exhibit superconductivity below 20oK. Research suggests that these exotic strands, already heralded for their unparalleled strength and unique ability to adopt the electrical properties of either semiconductors or perfect metals, may someday also find applications as miniature heat conduits in a multitude of devices and materials. The strong in-plane graphitic C-C bonds make them exceptionally strong and stiff against axial strains. The almost zero in-plane thermal expansion but large inter-plane expansion of SWNTs implies strong in-plane coupler and high flexibility against non-axial strains. Many applications of CNTs, such as in nanoscale molecular electronics, sensing and actuating device s, or as reinforcing additive fibres in functional multiform materials, have been proposed. Reports of several recent experiments on the preparation and mechanical characterization of CNT-polymer composites have also appeared. These measurements suggest modest enhancements in strength characteristics of CNT-embedded matrixes as compared to complete(a) polymer matrixes. Preliminary experiments and simulation studies on the thermal properties of CNTs show very high thermal conductivity. It is expected, therefore, that nanotube reinforcements in polymeric materials may also significantly make better the thermal and thermo-mechanical properties of the composites.

Issues in the Construction of the Scottish Parliament

Issues in the Construction of the Scotch fantanIntroductionThis opus intends to answer how a national iconic project turned into a enormously expensive and politic wholey embarrassing fiasco? (Fortescue, 2004) by analyzing the springs that led to block, be bubble over and attribute loss in bend of sassy sparing Parliament Building. This report has utilized the researches available on the internet, auditors report and other articles available from varied sources. This report will start by introduction to the background of Scotch Parliament project and will continue by discussing the argue for delays and woo join ons, role of the project counseling and at the end concluding the lessons learned from this project. The reason for selection of this project is that the Scottish Parliament building was imagined to be entire in 40m tho finished at over 400m which is an interesting parameter to airfield (BBC, 2004).Background to the Scottish Parliament endureAfter the r eferendum in 1997, Scottish fan tan was turn uped as a devolved legislature by Scotland Act 1998. There after(prenominal), Donald Dewar, secretaire of Scotland state adjudicated to have a purpose built facility to accommodate the Parliament in the Edinburgh city. After having a chaotic journey to completion, Scottish parliament Complex was inaugurated on 9 Oct 2004 by Queen Elizabeth II. Remarkable features of the Gordian consist of leaf-shaped buildings, flipped over boat shaped roof, a grass-roofed division meeting into conterminous parkland and gabion walls made from the st onenesss. All over the building there are various repeated motifs. Scottish parliament is a complex building comprising of new and old buildings such as Dewar room, Canon gate building, Debating chamber, Garden lobby, MSP building, Media tower, chief(prenominal) hall, Tower building, and Queensberry house. All of these buildings were renovated or constructed as per Architects vision. High end materials l ike Granite, spite Stone, Oak Timber, Sycamore Timber, Steel Glass and Marble was used in the tress. Detailed environment and sustainability study was carried out which confirmed that propose built complex is environment friendly (Fraser, 2004).Brief summary of the working class Road to HolyroodSite SelectionTo begin with, Edinburgh City Council provided a long list of 27 berths in Edinburgh. In September 1997 officials short listed three leading options two new build options, either at Leith or Haymarket, or adapting and developing the existing St Andrews class building (old Royal high school). At this stage, an engineer Jones Lang Wootton was engaged by the Scottish office to viably evaluate the acquisition comprises of the shortlisted sites. Measurements of environmental issue and employment issue were also considered at this point. Haymarket was never considered as preferred option and officials sensed real hostility in Edinburgh to house the Parliament anywhere tho cent rally thence reducing the chances of Leith (Auditor General, 2000).The Holyrood site was non considered at this stage as it was occupied by Scottish and Newcastle brewery and was anticipated that it would not be completed within the required deadline. However, an accidental meeting of a civil servant on train with an official of Newcastle and subsequent negotiations resulted in the company demonstrating that they would evacuate the site in early 1999. As a consequence, on 8th December Holyrood was short-listed, and radiation pattern and cost viability studies undertaken. Davis, Langdon and Everest (DLE) , Cost Consultants were commissioned to provide initial cost estimate for proposed sites and the Holyrood site was selected in early 1998 from the shortlist based on the following cost estimate (Auditor General,2000). architectural plan SelectionOnce, the location was last-placeized the Scottish Office announce an international competition to acquire a designer for a new-fangled building to accommodate the parliament through a competitive selection procedure. The competition was suitably mystifyup with a press release on 26 January 1998. The final design teams named on 7th May 1998 providing the project cost as creation in the range of 50 million excluding VAT (Fraser, 2004).Under the chairmanship of Dewar, a design committee was allotted to choose from a shortlist of designer. Conceptual designs were cost and displayed for universal to view and provide their opinion. Feedback from the public depicted that the Catalan architect Enric Miralles designs were one of the most popular. The design team considered public opinion on the designs, and on 6 July 1998 the Enric Miralless design was selected, with work being awarded to a Spanish Scottish design company namely EMBT/RMJM (Scotland) Ltd, exclusively created for the project. Construction management governance of procurement was adopted and BLL was appointed as construction manager. In June 1999, constr uction commenced, by demolishing the Scottish and Newcastle brewery and opening the foundation work (The royal corporation of Edinburg, 2001).Journey of EstimateThe construction of the Scottish Parliament Complex generated controversy in several aspects. Spiraling costs and the use of public capital to storage the project rendered most controversy. By early 2004, the project was estimated to be 430m, some ten times higher. In my opinion it is not fair to compare final figure with initial figure of 10m as it was never an estimated price but an indicative one (Fraser, 2004).Time delay and cost overproductionFrom the beginning, the complex and its construction have been controversial. For instance, Auditor General of Scotland expressed in the recent history of Scotland there has not been public building project as complex or as difficult to deliver as the Holyrood pouch (Prasser, S., n.d.). Almost all aspect such as location, design, architect, construction management company, proj ect manager all have been criticized by different factions namely, politician, media and general public. Due to complexity of the project, it is very difficult to single out one reason for delay and cost overrun but infect it was compound and interaction of many factors that resulted in delay and cost overrun (Fraser, 2004).Location Selection of Holyrood to be the seat of parliament has contributed to delay and cost overrun. Holyrood was not an easy airfield to work due to the approach and being located in populated area. The selection of Holyrood added 4.5m to the project being the cost for site acquisition and clearing. As the table1.1 (Fraser, 2004) shows, according to the costing done by DLE Holyrood was not economically attractive.Design and Design Development FactorMain cause of the delay to the project was from Sept2000 due to the production of detailed design variations and the late supply of in course of actionation during the construction process (Auditor General, 2004). Construction started in June1999 but Stage D design was approved after a year. Everyone anticipated that this will put an end too uncertainly and provide some diverseness of anchorage for the project but it did not happen. The project was densely populated, unusual and complex and was pitted against tight deadline. In some cases, trade contractors were responsible for discussion section design but both the architects and some trade contractors failed to deliver some critical elements on time. Design development process added another 80m to the cost of project. It is a process of bringing approved design to detailed design. This process runs parallel to Tendering and award of work packages and subsequent work on site. From 2000 onward, knob didnt change its requirements importantly but the cost of bringing envisioned design to reality escalated (Black, 2004).Increase in area after several revisions and new requirement were incorporated, total area r for each oneed from 16000.00 m2 to 31,000.00 m2 resulting in an increase of 47% and consequently effecting schedule and cost of the project. Building users brief prepared by the authorities substantially underestimated the requirements which resulted in various revisions and thus increase in area. For instance, Mr. Stewart said that the original estimate was absolutely, too optimistic for a public building of this nature (Fraser, 2004). The experience and expertise in construction management was not fully developed and was not present in the early stages of development.Procurement vehicle In 1998, Civil servants opted for fast track method known as construction management form of procurement to build the parliament complex (Fraser, 2004). It works by fragmenting complete job into several base packages that are awarded, monitored and designed independently of one another. Its advantage is that the overall design doesnt have to be complete at the start of building works. In this form of contract, venture stays with the client, which is responsible for management of each individual work package-in this case around 60. However, after keeping in mind importance and urging of the project, construction management procurement was the only viable option available. For instance, Harry Thorburn articulated, The reality is that construction management was the only contract option for a client wanting to make an early start on a project that was still at the design concept stage (Fortescue, S. 2004).Communication and coordination was another issue which added to the foes of already troubled project. Fraser (2004) reports that there was a lack of chat, coordination and understanding between stakeholders, for example, resolution of many design issues was delayed due to misunderstanding and lack of communication between RMJM EMBT.Landscaping is although minor part of overall figure, still it reflects failure of dust. Cost of landscaping amounting to 14 m came to the surface and was added when the project was well underway during autumn 2001 (Fraser, 2004).Schedule Time-table for completion by project management was very demanding and idealistic rather than realistic. Construction manger consistently tried to achieve the set target but failed. According to Auditor Generals report (2004), schedule set in Sept 2000 for completion by December 2002 was probably unachievable. Proper EU guidelines and procedures were not followed for appointment of Bovis Lend and Lease as construction manager. BLL was not the lowest, yet they were awarded. BLLs contract was supposed to be converted to Lump sum after finalization of cost plan but was not done. Conversion of fees would have provided a powerful incentive to Bovis to apply maximum rigor in coitus to cost control. No system was devised and implemented neither for performance measurement nor for cost reporting, synopsis and financial control.Queensberry House proved to be the most high-priced item, in terms of cost per square meter (Fraser, 2004). However, Queensberrys cost was comparatively minor in context of the full cost of the Project at completion. luxurious triangle of quality time and cost was ignored and quality was preferred against time and cost, time was preferred against cost. The undue importance given to time and quality resulted in escalated cost.Security issue and 9/11 factor also played an important role in delay and spiraling cost of the project. Fraser in his inquiry agrees that security bill amounted to 29.11. Design of anti-blast measures causes a sum of 17.54m and delay associated with blast causes additional sum of 11.57m. Another major factor to be recognized was constructing a very complex, unusual building, visionary architecture was difficult to bring to reality. The Debating chamber roof, for example, was an extremely challenging task both for designers and builders (Fraser, 2004). Proper risk analysis and cost management studies were not done. At the early stage of decision maki ng, no independent professional project management company was involved to apprise the client.Role of Project ManagementRole of Project management is to deliver the project on time, within calculate and with acceptable quality (Fraser, 2004). In this case, Project management provided an exceptional complex of high quality but failed miserable in context to cost and time.Black (2004) criticized performance of the project management or officials responsible for delivering the project. Decision making process and control over project was not clearly recognized along with lack of leadership. Normally project handler is responsible for leadership and control, client delegates the authority to project director to render the project. Here, project director should have had clear responsibility in making decisions on balancing time, cost and quality/performance of the project. Auditor General (2004) affirmed that the client (the Parliament) did not clearly establish leadership and control of project. Leading parties could not agree on cost plan which was a missing link in effective project management, a draft plan was made in late 2000, that was an indicator of the costs instead of available estimate of the cost.Under construction management, design was vague and deficient initially, therefore the risks remained with the client (Fig 1.1). Project management selected a high risk road but failed to manage it properly. Risk accounting was insufficient in early stages and there was no quantified allowance for risk facing the project. Initially project management did introduce a process for quantifying risk and conducted some reviews but the general approach was to accept the cost increase and increase in the forecast as risk materialized. No system or forceful action was adopted to reduce the increase in cost (Fraser, 2004).Project management did not fully implement cost reporting and financial controls. Regular reporting of the total estimated costs of the project onl y started in July 2003(Black, 2004). Earlier financial reporting was neither comprehensive nor systematic. Once, the overall budget constraint of 195m was removed by Parliament in June 2001, management did not establish an alternative budget which gave them liberty to achieve high quality and tight deadlines without due considerations of cost implications (Black, 2004 Fraser 2004).ConclusionProject management plays an important role in the success of mega and prestigious projects. Construction of Scottish parliament has put a negative mark on the role of project management. Delay and cost overrun of the project cannot be attributed to the failure of project management only, Fraser (2004) in his inquiry stated that it was the result of systematic failure and it is difficult to single out one villain. Also, there were several mistakes but the biggest one was involved in Procurement system. They were interconnected, increased exponentially, and had a rippling effect which was visible a ll throughout the result of construction. Despite of all the problems, Scotland has got an architectural gem its an iconic building representing the land. In few years, the community of Scotland will be as proud of it as the people of Sydney are of Opera House, which was also an example of project failure when it was built (Australian Government Department, 2006 Mosaic Projects, n.d.).The entire project should have agreed project budget and proper set of performance indicators. Proper benchmarking should be done to measure the performance. If, competition is commissioned for selection of design, proper evaluation of pre qualification must be done and compatibility of working cultures should be considered. While selecting the design, attention should be paid to cost and execution problems that may arise due to complexity of design.Procurement route must always be chosen with care coupled with comprehensive evaluation.Construction management procurement route should be used rarely f or public projects. Before construction starts adequate time should be available for the supplying stage. As Fraser (2004) reports that investing time initially, to develop complete definitions reduces the chance of changes later. Good planning will involve (a) right sequence of construction to avoid delays and extra costs, (b) risk management (c) using value management to evaluate the role of each element of the construction processes (Black, 2004) (d) Selection of proper planning system There must always be sufficient time for procurement to allow the clients requirements to be adequately defined so that it may obtain fixed and firm prices for the work in a competition (Black, 2004). In all projects, performance compensation incentives system should be initiated for contractors to perform against targets for quality, time and cost.Clearly defined duties and single point of leadership with explicit authority and responsibility should be ensured. Strong system of reporting and tra nsparent channels of communication must be devised.It is essential that full contracts, guarantees and bond should be secured to prevent the risk. Early involvement of contractors in design phase might help in solving the problems later on. Concurrent engineering should be carried out to avoid complications during execution. Safety measures needs to be a considered as an integral part. In this particular case, no one would have anticipated the impact of 9/11. So it is better to have some accident plan in place to tackle unforeseen events.BibliographyAuditor General (2004). Management of the Holyrood building project prepared for the Auditor General for Scotland Project overview, the reason for later delivery and increased costs, project management and control. Chapters 1-5., pp 1-92. operable from http//www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/docs/central/2004/nr_040629_holyrood_project.pdf Accessed second April 2010.Auditor General (2000). 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